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Different kinds of methods such as Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD),
Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD), Sol-Gel Deposition (SGD), Thermal
Spray Deposition (TSD), Jet Vapor Deposition (JVD), Triboadhesion
Deposition (TAD), & Electroless Deposition (ELD) were used for
the coating of metal oxides on glass substrates but it was found
that Electroless Deposition is the most effective and common method
for deposition of metal oxides on glass substrate due to its unique
characteristics. Effectiveness of deposition was studied by the
stability of metal oxides (Nickel & Copper Oxides) layer on
glass substrate. Stability was measured by comparing the duration
of crack formation at different temperatures and by changing the
composition of metallic & reducing agents solutions, on glass
substrate. Cracks formation was noted and measure with the help of
High Efficient Microscope. Metallic & Reducing agent solutions
properties were also noted by preparing them with different
methods. Reducing agents that commonly used in deposition are
hydrogen compounds, in which hydrogen atom is linked to phosphorus,
nitrogen, and carbon i.e, Sodium Hypophosphite,
Dimethylamine-borane, Hydrazine and Formaldehyde
A structured training programme is presented here, which is
intended for any four-year postgraduate degree/ diploma in
Orthodontics. A total of VIII modules have been developed, each of
six months duration and the whole course is divided in these VIII
modules. Its first four modules are structured in a way that they
can be used for any two-years training programme. The programme has
been devised in a structured format, whereby, the whole training is
patient-centered and follows the actual treatment sequence.
Module-I is about activation of prior knowledge of basic medical
and dental sciences and attainment of basic clinical knowledge and
skills to prepare the residents for empathetic patient care. Real
patient encounter starts in Module-II and, from here onwards, all
areas of respective modules are according to treatment requirements
at different stages. Each module has six distinct areas, (ie:
Learning Objectives, Topics to be Covered, Reading List, Table of
Specifications, Assessment Methods and Check List). After
successful adoption of this modular form of teaching, residents
should attain the appropriate knowledge, proper attitudes and basic
skills of orthodontics. This programme also enables the resident to
develop a sense of professionalism, knowledge about medical ethics,
scientific attitude, an inquisitive mind and a quest for research
and Continuing Professional Development. A modular form of
postgraduate training in orthodontics is suggested with an
intention to standardize Orthodontic training across the country.
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