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The Eastern Fertile Crescent region of western Iran and eastern
Iraq hosted major developments in the transition from
hunter-forager to farmer-herder lifestyles through the Early
Neolithic period, 10,000-7000 BC. Within the scope of the Central
Zagros Archaeological Project, excavations have been conducted
since 2012 at two Early Neolithic sites in the Kurdistan region of
Iraq: Bestansur and Shimshara. Bestansur represents an early stage
in the transition to sedentary, farming life, where the inhabitants
pursued a mixed strategy of hunting, foraging, herding and
cultivating, maximising the new opportunities afforded by the
warmer, wetter climate of the Early Holocene. They also constructed
substantial buildings of mudbrick, including a major building with
a minimum of 65 human individuals, mainly infants, buried under its
floor in association with hundreds of beads. These human remains
provide new insights into mortuary practices, demography, diet and
disease during the early stages of sedentarisation. The material
culture of Bestansur and Shimshara is rich in imported items such
as obsidian, carnelian and sea-shells, indicating the extent to
which Early Neolithic communities were networked across the Eastern
Fertile Crescent and beyond. This volume includes final reports by
a large-scale interdisciplinary team on all aspects of the results
from excavations at Bestansur and Shimshara, through application of
state-of-the-art scientific techniques, methods and analyses. The
net result is to re-emphasise the enormous significance of the
Eastern Fertile Crescent in one of the most important episodes in
human history: the Neolithic transition.
The Samnites recur throughout Greek and Roman historical sources as
formidable warriors and Rome's greatest foes from the mid-fourth
century B.C. This book explores the portable material culture for
evidence of an emerging 'proto-Samnite' identity between 750 and
350 B.C. The relationships between material culture, ethnicity,
constructions of social identity, gender and the life-course are
critically examined through the personal adornments recovered from
necropolis sites in the central Apennines and surrounding regions.
The catalogue of fibulae, bracelets, pendants and necklaces
(available online) forms the basis for analysis through
distribution mapping, typological patterns, and the use of metals
and exotic materials.
This report assesses the evidence that exists for the ways in which
local air quality could influence local economic growth through
health and workforce issues, quality-of-life issues, or air-quality
regulations and business operations. It then extrapolates some of
the existing results to the Pittsburgh region.
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