The Forum on Cyber Resilience of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted the Workshop on Recoverability as a First-Class Security Objective on February 8, 2018, in Washington, D.C. The workshop featured presentations from several experts in industry, research, and government roles who spoke about the complex facets of recoverability?that is, the ability to restore normal operations and security in a system affected by software or hardware failure or a deliberate attack. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Framing 2 Summary of Workshop Presentations 3 Closing Observations and Discussion Appendixes Appendix A: Workshop Agenda and Participants List Appendix B: Steering Committee Biographies Appendix C: Speaker Biographies

Emerging techniques in data analytics, including machine learning and artificial intelligence, offer exciting opportunities for advancing scientific discovery and innovation in materials science. Vast repositories of experimental data and sophisticated simulations are being utilized to predict material properties, design and test new compositions, and accelerate nearly every facet of traditional materials science. How can the materials science community take advantage of these opportunities while avoiding potential pitfalls? What roadblocks may impede progress in the coming years, and how might they be addressed? To explore these issues, the Workshop on Data Analytics and What It Means to the Materials Community was organized as part of a workshop series on Defense Materials, Manufacturing, and Its Infrastructure. Hosted by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, the 2-day workshop was organized around three main topics: materials design, data curation, and emerging applications. Speakers identified promising data analytics tools and their achievements to date, as well as key challenges related to dealing with sparse data and filling data gaps; decisions around data storage, retention, and sharing; and the need to access, combine, and use data from disparate sources. Participants discussed the complementary roles of simulation and experimentation and explored the many opportunities for data informatics to increase the efficiency of materials discovery, design, and testing by reducing the amount of experimentation required. With an eye toward the ultimate goal of enabling applications, attendees considered how to ensure that the benefits of data analytics tools carry through the entire materials development process, from exploration to validation, manufacturing, and use. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter Overview 1 Introduction 2 Keynote Addresses 3 Materials Design 4 Data Curation 5 Emerging Applications 6 Discussion Appendixes Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Workshop Attendee List Appendix D: Planning Committee Biographical Information Appendix E: Acronyms

Advances in materials science and engineering play a crucial role in supporting the U.S. economy and national security. To maintain its leading edge in the field, the United States relies on a rich and diverse innovation ecosystem encompassing industry, academic institutions, and government laboratories. While this ecosystem has generated numerous gains for defense agencies, the technology sector, consumers, and the country as a whole over many decades, recent years have brought new challenges and a shifting global dynamic in the field. The United States, long a global magnet for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education and expertise, has seen its competitive edge slip as other countries in Europe and Asia have increased their investments in cultivating science and engineering talent and innovation. In 2020, the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic caused far-reaching disruptions for both education and supply chains across the world, compounding many of the dynamics that were already affecting materials science and engineering in the United States. To explore these issues, the Workshop on Materials Science and Engineering in a Post-Pandemic World was organized as part of a workshop series on Defense Materials Manufacturing and Its Infrastructure. Hosted by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, the virtual event brought together approximately 30 speakers and attendees representing materials science, engineering, and manufacturing experts from industry, academia, and government agencies. The 3-day workshop explored education and workforce trends across the nation and the globe, with particular focus on the U.S. Department of Defense and university-government collaborations. Participants discussed how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected science and engineering education, opportunities to reimagine traditional education for the field, and the imperative to develop a more diverse workforce. Several speakers presented their views on what the post-pandemic future may hold, and many offered perspectives on key concerns and priorities for the field moving forward. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter Overview 1 Introduction 2 The Talent Pipeline: Workforce Data and Trends 3 From Lab to Field: Recent University-Government Successes 4 The Global Stage 5 Positioning DoD and Its Workforce for New or Expanded Areas 6 Finding and Retaining Talent at Non-DoD Agencies 7 The Future with COVID-19 8 Traditional Education Reimagined 9 Developing a Diverse Workforce Appendixes Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Acronyms Appendix D: Biographical Information for Speakers

Topology optimization is a digital method for designing objects in order to achieve the best structural performance, sometimes in combination with other physical requirements. Topology optimization tools use mathematical algorithms, such as the finite element method and gradient computation, to generate designs based on desired characteristics and predetermined constraints. Initially a purely academic tool, topology optimization has advanced rapidly and is increasingly being applied to the design of a wide range of products and components, from furniture to spacecraft. To explore the potential and challenges of topology optimization, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a two-day workshop on November 19-20, 2019, Exploiting Advanced Manufacturing Capabilities: Topology Optimization in Design. The workshop was organized around three main topics: how topology optimization can incorporate manufacturability along with functional design; challenges and opportunities in combining multiple physical processes; and approaches and opportunities for design of soft and compliant structures and other emerging applications. Speakers identified the unique strengths of topology optimization and explored a wide range of techniques and strengths of topology optimization and explored a wide range of techniques and achievements in the field to date. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter Overview 1 Introduction 2 Keynote Addresses 3 Topology Optimization and Advanced Manufacturing Technologies 4 Topology Optimization and Multi-Physics 5 Topology Optimization of Soft Materials and Deformable Structures 6 Discussion Appendixes Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Workshop Attendees Appendix D: Biographical Information

Electric power is a critical infrastructure that is vital to the U.S. economy and national security. Today, the nation's electric power infrastructure is threatened by malicious attacks, accidents, and failures, as well as disruptive natural events. As the electric grid evolves and becomes increasingly interdependent with other critical infrastructures, the nation is challenged to defend against these threats and to advance grid capabilities with reliable defenses. On November 1, 2019, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to gather diverse perspectives on current and future threats to the electric power system, activities that the subsector is pursuing to defend itself, and how this work may evolve over the coming decades. This publications summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter Overview 1 Introduction 2 Understanding the Threat Landscape 3 Strategies to Increase Resilience Appendixes Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Registered Workshop Participants Appendix D: Acronyms

Recent advancements in quantum-enabled systems present a variety of new opportunities and challenges. These technologies are important developments for a variety of computing, communications, and sensing applications. However, many materials and components relevant to quantum-enabled systems exist outside of the United States, and it is important to promote the development of assured domestic sources of materials, manufacturing capabilities, and expertise. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 2-day workshop to explore implications and concerns related to the application of quantum-enabled systems in the United States. This workshop focused on quantum-enabled computing systems, quantum communications and networks, and quantum sensing opportunities. Participants explored the path to quantum computing, communications, and networks, opportunities for collaboration, as well as key gaps, supply chain concerns, and security issues. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter Overview 1 Introduction 2 Keynote Addresses: Quantum Technology Today and Tomorrow 3 Quantum Computing Systems 4 Quantum Communications and Networks 5 Quantum Sensors 6 Panel Discussions Appendixes Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Workshop Attendee List Appendix D: Biographical Information Appendix E: Acronyms

The Planning Committee on Connector Reliability for Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Operations held the Workshop on Bolting Reliability for Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Operations in Washington, D.C., on April 10-11, 2017. The workshop was designed to advance and develop a comprehensive awareness of the outstanding issues associated with fastener material failures and equipment reliability issues. Speakers and participants were also encouraged to discuss possible paths for ameliorating risks associated with fasteners used for subsea critical equipment in oil and gas operations. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Panel 1: Subsea Fastener Design Requirements 3 Panel 2: Subsea Fastener Design Quality 4 Panel 3: Subsea Fastener In-Service Performance 5 Panel 4: Standards and Regulations 6 Summary Appendixes Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Workshop Attendee List Appendix D: Acronyms and Abbreviations Appendix E: Committee Member Biographies

Over the past few years the common use of telehealth technology has been rapidly expanding. While remote models of care have been successfully used in rural communities for decades, the adoption of telehealth rapidly expanded during the COVID-19 pandemic, narrowing some gaps in care access and equity while exacerbating health care inequities in other ways. At the request of the Social Security Administration, the National Academies hosted a workshop on March 9 and 10, 2022 to examine the use of telehealth for patient evaluation. The workshop explored the evolution of telehealth and commonly used terminology, the impact of inequities in digital access, privacy and cybersecurity concerns, its use in a variety of allied health and medical specialties for patient evaluation, and interstate licensure related to providing telehealth care. This publication provides a high-level summary of the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Telehealth Overview 3 Telehealth and the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency 4 The Use of Telehealth for Evaluations by Clinical Specialties 5 Telehealth Access 6 The Experiences of Other Health Care Systems 7 Licensure, Privacy, and Security 8 Reflections Appendix A: References Appendix B: Statement of Task Appendix C: Workshop Agenda Appendix D: Planning Committee and Speaker Biographies Appendix E: Acronyms and Abbreviations

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to dramatic adjustments in cancer care delivery and cancer research. To examine these changes, the National Cancer Policy Forum of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a virtual workshop, Innovation in Cancer Care and Cancer Research in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic, in July 2021. Workshop speakers considered the lessons learned from these adaptations in order to improve the delivery of high-quality cancer care and the conduct of cancer clinical trials in the post-pandemic era. This Proceedings of a Workshop highlights presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter Proceedings of a Workshop Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Workshop Agenda

Digital health encompasses a broad array of tools and strategies with the goals of advancing research, increasing health care access and quality, and making care more personalized. It encompasses health content, digital health interventions, and digital applications, such as communication tools connecting patients and clinicians (e.g., secure email in the patient portal, text, chat, video visit), remote monitoring tools, clinical decision support tools, and systems for exchanging health information. Patient-facing tools, tools for clinicians, and systems to facilitate research and care improvement are all part of this diverse landscape, and each raises unique opportunities and potential challenges. To examine key policy issues for the effective and safe development, implementation, and use of digital health technologies in oncology research and care, the National Cancer Policy Forum of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual workshop in collaboration with the Forum on Cyber Resilience. The workshop, Opportunities and Challenges for Using Digital Health Applications in Oncology, held on July 13-14, 2020, convened a broad group of experts, including clinicians and researchers; patient advocates; and representatives of federal agencies, health professional societies, health care organizations, insurers, and the pharmaceutical and health technology industries. Many workshop speakers found the opportunities presented by digital health tools to be particularly compelling for oncology; however, capitalizing on these opportunities necessitates careful attention to the design, implementation, and use of digital health technologies. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter Proceedings of a Workshop Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Workshop Agenda

Quantum concepts hold the potential to enable significant advances in sensing and imaging technologies that could be vital to the study of biological systems. The workshop Quantum Science Concepts in Enhancing Sensing and Imaging Technologies: Applications for Biology, held online March 8-10, 2021, was organized to examine the research and development needs to advance biological applications of quantum technology. Hosted by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, the event brought together experts working on state-of-the-art, quantum-enabled technologies and scientists who are interested in applying these technologies to biological systems. Through talks, panels, and discussions, the workshop facilitated a better understanding of the current and future biological applications of quantum-enabled technologies in fields such as microbiology, molecular biology, cell biology, plant science, mycology, and many others. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter Overview 1 Introduction 2 Quantum in Biology 3 Quantum for Biology 4 Biology for Quantum 5 Education, Training, and Workforce Needs References Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Organizing Committee Biographies Appendix D: Poster Presentations Appendix E: Acronyms and Abbreviations Appendix F: Tools and Technologies

The marmoset, a type of small monkey native to South America, is a research model of increasing importance for biomedical research in the United States and globally. Marmosets offer a range of advantages as animal models in neuroscience, aging, infectious diseases, and other fields of study. They may be particularly useful for the development of new disease models using genetic engineering and assisted reproductive technologies. However, concerns have been voiced with respect to the development of new marmoset-based models of disease, ethical considerations for their use, the supply of marmosets available for research, and gaps in guidance for their care and management. To explore and address these concerns, the Roundtable on Science and Welfare in Laboratory Animal Use hosted a public workshop on October 22-23, 2018, in Washington, DC. The workshop focused on the availability of marmosets in the United States and abroad; animal welfare and ethical considerations stemming from the use of wildtype and genetically modified marmosets; and standards of housing and care, dietary needs, and feeding requirements for marmosets in captivity. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Context for the Use of Marmosets as Animal Models 3 Ethical Considerations 4 Current Research Applications 5 Marmoset Genomics and Genetic Diversity 6 Marmoset Supply and Availability 7 Marmoset Care and Management 8 Final Remarks Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Professional Biosketches

Software update is an important mechanism by which security changes and improvements are made in software, and this seemingly simple concept encompasses a wide variety of practices, mechanisms, policies, and technologies. To explore the landscape further, the Forum on Cyber Resilience hosted a workshop featuring invited speakers from government, the private sector, and academia. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter Workshop Introduction 1 Policy Considerations: The Intersection of Public Values and Private Infrastructure 2 Technical Considerations for Secure Software Updates 3 Microsoft's Approach to Software Updates 4 Update Issues for Open Source Software 5 Cisco's Approach to Software Updates 6 Ensuring Robust Firmware Updates 7 Updates in the Consumer Electronics Industry 8 Software Updates in Automotive Electronic Control Units 9 The NIST Perspective on Software Updates 10 Protecting Consumers from Software Update Risks 11 Discussion Afterword Appendixes Appendix A: Workshop Agenda and Participants List Appendix B: Steering Committee Biographies Appendix C: Speaker Biographies

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Manufacturing USA Institutes aim to protect national security and increase U.S. competitiveness in manufacturing. The domestic industrial base is critical to supporting and sustaining both military advantage and economic competitiveness. Through these institutes, the DoD is committed to domestically designing and manufacturing the most innovative defense systems. Intended as intensely collaborative applied research and development endeavors among government, industry, and academia, the institutes are envisioned to become lasting, self-sustaining national assets. A long-term strategy is needed to achieve this goal. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine recently convened a workshop to discuss the long-term sustainability of the Manufacturing USA Institutes. Participants explored different perspectives across multiple disciplines, discussed public-private partnership models, and considered international programs in advanced manufacturing to inform their recommendations regarding the future of the institutes. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter Overview 1 Introduction 2 Keynote Addresses: Perspectives on Manufacturing USA 3 Panel 1: Alternative PublicPrivate Partnership Models 4 Panel 2: International Programs in Advanced Manufacturing 5 Breakout Sessions: Feedback and Future Directions for the DoD Manufacturing USA Institutes 6 Discussion Appendixes Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Workshop Agenda and Participant List Appendix C: Committee Member Biographical Information Appendix D: Acronyms