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The increasing awareness on the varied consequences of hypogonadism
in distinct organs and systems has supported the notion of
estrogens as systemic agents. This observation is congruent with
the variety of tissues affected by - trogens when used in hormone
therapy formulations on hypogonadic women. Apart from the genital
tract and the breast, recognized as traditional targets for
estrogens, the skeleton, the vascular tree, or the central nervous
system, are good examples of territories that have demonstrated
sensitivity to estrogens. This evidence has created great interest,
as shown by the great amount of lit- ature that has been produced
on the bene?ts and risks associated with the use of estrogens. In
parallel to the clinical interest, basic research has improved our
kno- edge on the complexities involved in estrogen action at the
molecular level. Together with effects mediated through speci?c
receptors, a concept that has been the mainstay of the
interpretation of estrogen action for years, there is enough
evidence to hold the notion of receptor-independent effects. The
substantial advances in modern technology applied to research have
helped in enlightening the particulars of this versatile action of
estrogens. This more detailed knowledge on the sophisticated
mechanism of action of estrogens has nourished the emergence of
multiple hypotheses speculating with the p- sibility of
manipulating estrogen action. The notion that a widely extended
regulatory system of cell function, as it is the estrogen receptor
machinery, might be modulated at wish has arisen as an attractive,
although still elusive postulate.
Reproduction is the origination of new organisms from pre-existing
ones. Among more than 35 separated forms of reproduction including
several types of gamogony, parthenogenesis, agamogenesis, fission
and division, and plas motomy, the bisexual mode of reproduction
via fertilization provides genetic variability that allows species
to adapt quickly to competitive and constantly changing
environments. Several excellent reviews and books have been written
in the past to analyse the mechanisms of fertilization in different
eukaryotic species. During the last few years, however, renewed
attention has been paid to examining the process of oocyte
fertilization at the cellular/molecular level not only within a
single species/group but also through different phylogenetic
lineages. As a result of this effort, knowledge of the molecular
pathways used by oocytes and spermatozoa at fertilization has
increased, but still many ques tions remain to be answered. Being
aware of the necessity of providing an inte grated view of the
process of fertilization, this book has been entirely devoted to
reviewing the process of oocyte fertilization at the
cellular/molecular level in two different and separated groups of
eukaryotic organisms: protozoa and metazoan animals. The book is
organized into six sections dealing with oocyte fertilization in
protozoa, invertebrates, teleost fishes, amphibians, birds and
mammals. These sections are followed by a summary/concluding
chapter that provides a com parative overview of the process of
fertilization in these groups of eukaryotes."
The increasing awareness on the varied consequences of hypogonadism
in distinct organs and systems has supported the notion of
estrogens as systemic agents. This observation is congruent with
the variety of tissues affected by - trogens when used in hormone
therapy formulations on hypogonadic women. Apart from the genital
tract and the breast, recognized as traditional targets for
estrogens, the skeleton, the vascular tree, or the central nervous
system, are good examples of territories that have demonstrated
sensitivity to estrogens. This evidence has created great interest,
as shown by the great amount of lit- ature that has been produced
on the bene?ts and risks associated with the use of estrogens. In
parallel to the clinical interest, basic research has improved our
kno- edge on the complexities involved in estrogen action at the
molecular level. Together with effects mediated through speci?c
receptors, a concept that has been the mainstay of the
interpretation of estrogen action for years, there is enough
evidence to hold the notion of receptor-independent effects. The
substantial advances in modern technology applied to research have
helped in enlightening the particulars of this versatile action of
estrogens. This more detailed knowledge on the sophisticated
mechanism of action of estrogens has nourished the emergence of
multiple hypotheses speculating with the p- sibility of
manipulating estrogen action. The notion that a widely extended
regulatory system of cell function, as it is the estrogen receptor
machinery, might be modulated at wish has arisen as an attractive,
although still elusive postulate.
This book offers the reader an integrated point of view of fertilization in the animal kingdom. As the research at the molecular and cellular level is scarce compared to the huge diversity of animal species, for each phylum or class representative species have been chosen. Each phylum/class begins with a general description of the sexual and asexual reproduction strategies of the respective species, followed by a description of the reproductive cycle as well as of its reproductive system. The main focus is on the cellular and molecular aspects of fertilization of all the selected representative species, and the book is fully illustrated with photographs and drawings to facilitate understanding.
Una de las principales disyuntivas de los actuales Gobiernos, es
equilibrar la sustentabilidad ambiental con el desarrollo
productivo de las regiones, ciertamente el nivel de consumo de los
recursos naturales es mayor a su reposicion natural. Sin embargo en
muchos lugares son la unica forma de subsistir que tienen sus
habitantes. Dicha condicion justifica por si misma la pertinencia
en el desarrollo de esquemas de articulacion productiva cuya
finalidad sea fortalecer la economia simultaneamente con la
vigilancia en el uso eficiente y racional de los recursos
naturales, los bosques ademas de proveernos madera y combustibles,
son fuente de agua y oxigeno, el fenomeno atmosferico del
calentamiento global, ademas de protocolos internacionales para
emisiones de carbon, requiere soluciones locales de alto impacto
social, las decisiones que en materia ecologica y productiva se
establezcan hoy, seran el eslabon fundamental para que las futuras
generaciones disfruten de las bondades naturales del planeta."
En este libro se contempla la implantacion de microturbinas de gas
dentro del contexto de un sistema electrico ya existente, pasando a
formar un sistema con generacion distribuida, lo que puede
proporcionar el control de la tension local del nudo, el control
del flujo de potencia base, reduciendo de este modo la potencia
demandada desde la red de alimentacion principal, y, finalmente, el
control de frecuencia asociado al deslastre de la carga en la
microrred. Asi pues, la utilizacion de microturbinas de gas aparece
como una aplicacion interesante para la mejora de la estabilidad
del sistema electrico de distribucion."
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