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Fundamental biochemical studies of basic brain metabolism focusing
on the neuroactive amino acids glutamate and GABA combined with the
seminal observation that one of the key enzymes, glutamine
synthetase is localized in astroglial cells but not in neurons
resulted in the formulation of the term "The Glutamate-Glutamine
Cycle." In this cycle glutamate released from neurons is taken up
by surrounding astrocytes, amidated by the action of glutamine
synthetase to glutamine which can be transferred back to the
neurons. The conversion of glutamate to glutamine is like a stealth
technology, hiding the glutamate molecule which would be highly
toxic to neurons due to its excitotoxic action. This series of
reactions require the concerted and precise interaction of a number
of enzymes and plasma membrane transporters, and this volume
provides in-depth descriptions of these processes. Obviously such a
series of complicated reactions may well be prone to malfunction
and therefore neurological diseases are likely to be associated
with such malfunction of the enzymes and transporters involved in
the cycle. These aspects are also discussed in several chapters of
the book. A number of leading experts in neuroscience including
intermediary metabolism, enzymology and transporter physiology have
contributed to this book which provides comprehensive discussions
of these different aspects of the functional importance of the
glutamate-glutamine cycle coupling homeostasis of glutamatergic,
excitatory neurotransmission to basic aspects of brain energy
metabolism. This book will be of particular importance for students
as well as professionals interested in these fundamental processes
involved in brain function and dysfunction.
This ambitious compendium provides an extensive overview on the
"supporting cells" of the vertebrate central nervous system, these
being glial cells which far outnumber neurons but are much less
understood. Covering multiple aspects of this family of
transporters-- from structural properties, to their involvement in
signaling and gene expression regulation, this volume presents the
most recent research on the roles of glial amino acid transporters
as key molecules of brain metabolism and signaling.
Fundamental biochemical studies of basic brain metabolism focusing
on the neuroactive amino acids glutamate and GABA combined with the
seminal observation that one of the key enzymes, glutamine
synthetase is localized in astroglial cells but not in neurons
resulted in the formulation of the term "The Glutamate-Glutamine
Cycle." In this cycle glutamate released from neurons is taken up
by surrounding astrocytes, amidated by the action of glutamine
synthetase to glutamine which can be transferred back to the
neurons. The conversion of glutamate to glutamine is like a stealth
technology, hiding the glutamate molecule which would be highly
toxic to neurons due to its excitotoxic action. This series of
reactions require the concerted and precise interaction of a number
of enzymes and plasma membrane transporters, and this volume
provides in-depth descriptions of these processes. Obviously such a
series of complicated reactions may well be prone to malfunction
and therefore neurological diseases are likely to be associated
with such malfunction of the enzymes and transporters involved in
the cycle. These aspects are also discussed in several chapters of
the book. A number of leading experts in neuroscience including
intermediary metabolism, enzymology and transporter physiology have
contributed to this book which provides comprehensive discussions
of these different aspects of the functional importance of the
glutamate-glutamine cycle coupling homeostasis of glutamatergic,
excitatory neurotransmission to basic aspects of brain energy
metabolism. This book will be of particular importance for students
as well as professionals interested in these fundamental processes
involved in brain function and dysfunction.
ATP acts as main energy source and is pivotal for numerous
signaling cascades both inside the cells (by fuelling various
transport systems and donating phosphate groups) and between the
cells (by chemical transmission). Similarly glutamate acts as an
important molecule for both intercellular signaling though
glutamatergic transmission and cell energetics by contributing to
ATP production. In this collection of chapters, written by the
leading experts in the field of cell metabolism and energetics,
intracellular signaling and neurotransmission we covered various
aspects of the interfacing between these two fundamental molecules.
This book will be particularly useful for researchers, students,
physicians and psychotherapists working in the field of
neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry.
ATP acts as main energy source and is pivotal for numerous
signaling cascades both inside the cells (by fuelling various
transport systems and donating phosphate groups) and between the
cells (by chemical transmission). Similarly glutamate acts as an
important molecule for both intercellular signaling though
glutamatergic transmission and cell energetics by contributing to
ATP production. In this collection of chapters, written by the
leading experts in the field of cell metabolism and energetics,
intracellular signaling and neurotransmission we covered various
aspects of the interfacing between these two fundamental molecules.
This book will be particularly useful for researchers, students,
physicians and psychotherapists working in the field of
neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry.
A powerful collection of readily reproducible cutting-edge
techniques for characterizing the ligand or substrate binding of
neurotransmitter receptors and transporters. The procedures cover
interdisciplinary interactions for monoamine transporters, amino
acid transporters, ionotropic receptors, metabotropic glutamate
receptors, GABA receptors, and other G protein-coupled receptors.
By illuminating how neurons in the central nervous communicate with
other, these techniques can lead to the development of novel
therapeutic strategies for neurological diseases.
No further information has been provided for this title.
This book aims to provide a state-of-the-art summary of what is
currently known about brain glycogen metabolism, detailing the
recent advances in our understanding of why glycogen is so critical
for normal brain function. The role of glycogen in cellular
neurophysiology remains largely unclear and its specific
contribution to the energy demand of brain cells is still
elusive.Glycogen is the sole cerebral glucose reserve and is
emerging as a fundamental component of brain energy metabolism.
Pharmacological or genetic manipulation of glycogen metabolism in
the brain impairs memory formation and increases susceptibility to
epileptic seizures and cortical spreading depression. Glycogen is
also directly implicated in abnormal neuronal excitability and
mental retardation that characterize brain disorders like Lafora
disease and Pompe disease.
The present outline of astrocytic metabolic pathways involved in
glucose and amino acid metabolism provides detailed information
about the enzymatic pathways involved, as well as a description of
the basic properties of the enzymes including regulatory
mechanisms. Hence, the glycolytic pathway and glycogen metabolism
are outlined, followed by a detailed account of pyruvate oxidation
and its role as a substrate for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
Moreover, a detailed description of the main enzymes involved in
glutamate metabolism is provided and the role of the
glutamate-glutamine cycle is explained. Since this text is
primarily covering astrocytic metabolism, an emphasis has been
placed on a discussion of the significance of the astrocyte
specific enzymes pyruvate carboxylase and glutamine synthetase,
which enable these cells to perform a net synthesis of glutamine,
the precursor for synthesis of glutamate and -aminobutyrate (GABA),
the main neurotransmitters of the brain. With this, we have
underlined the fundamental importance of astrocytic metabolism for
neuronal function with a particular emphasis on the fact that,
without continuous support from the astrocytic partners in synaptic
function, glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission would not
be possible. It is thought provoking that these neurotransmission
processes, which account for the vast majority of synaptic activity
in the brain, have been made totally dependent on astrocytic
metabolic support, particularly with regard to replenishment of the
respective neurotransmitters.
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