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Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular System Health and Disease
highlights the major contributions of different signaling systems
in modulating normal cardiovascular functions and how a
perturbation in these signaling events leads to abnormal cell
functions and cardiovascular disorders. This title is volume 3 in
the new Springer series, Advances in Biochemistry in Health and
Disease.
In 1996 the 75th anniversary of the discovery of insulin was
celebrated at the University of Toronto, the scene of that
discovery in 1921. This volume was stimulated by the scientific
program which was staged at that time and brought together much of
the world's best talent to discuss and analyze the most recent
developments in our understanding of pancreatic function, insulin
secretion, the interaction of insulin with its target tissues, the
mechanism of insulin action at the cellular level, and the defects
which underlie both Type I (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,
IDDM) and Type II (noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM)
forms of the disease. We have chosen to focus the present volume on
work related to insulin action.
In vitro and animal studies show that vanadate and other Because
most cellular components contain hydroxyl and/or vanadium compounds
increase glucose transport activity and phosphate groups, vanadate
reacts as shown in eq. 1, and 2 normalize glucose metabolism [1-5].
Furthermore, these with a variety of metabolites. For example, the
reaction of insulin-mimetic compounds can be administered orally.
Vana- vanadate with the 2'-hydroxyl group of the cofactor NAD date
enhances the phosphoprotein formation which is attrib- generates an
NADP analog, NADV (path b) [22]. NADV is uted to either the
activation of protein kinases or inhibition an excellent cofactor
for enzymes such as glucose-6-phos- of protein phosphatases.
Despite the interest in document- phate dehydrogenase,
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, ing the effects of vanadate on
protein kinases, most reports and alcohol dehydrogenase [22]. The
presence ofNADV have used indirect methods and studies with
purified kinases could affect the levels of reducing equivalents in
the cell, im- show weak, if any, interaction of vanadate with
kinases as portant in maintaining a normal glucose metabolism. This
a group of enzymes (reviewed in Refs. [6-8]). Vanadate type of
mechanism is distinct from the vanadate-induced interacts potently
with phosphatases and the inhibition is NADH oxidation by plasma
membranes [23]. Organic attributed to a five-coordinate vanadate
complex which vanadates have been shown to substitute for organic
phos- mimics the transition state of the phosphate ester hydroly-
phates in many of the enzymes related to glucose metabolism sis
reaction (reviewed in Refs. [7,9]).
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