Ruthenium compounds have shown very good second order and third order behaviour. Very high non-linear optical (NLO) response is due to the extensive coordination and organometallic chemistry of ruthenium. Electron-rich d6 ruthenium (II) centres are especially well-suited for incorporation into NLO chromophores because their highly polarizable d orbitals can cause effective -electron-donating properties when coordinated to ligands with low-lying * orbitals. This work provides an understanding of the NLO properties of ruthenium complexes. All systems display large second-order NLO response. This effort may provide the guidelines to synthesize the high-performance NLO materials. The present investigation gives insight into the NLO response of ruthenium complexes and endeavors to disclose the origin of the NLO response of this family, which is interesting and important in design and synthesis of new promising NLO materials."

This book envisages new estimates of the public health importance of iron and zinc deficiency prevailing in Pakistani population, and put glimpses on different diseases caused by these micronutrients in children and particularly women. This book put more emphasizes on strategies and solutions for combating these deficiencies in Pakistani people. These micronutrients when taken individually or in combination may prevent several deadly ailments. More work is required to estimate the levels of these two minerals in masses in Pakistan. Their individual role in disease prevention with functional evidences through clinical trials is need of the day in under developed areas. Such data in large population may be used later on for developing supplementation strategies on national level. Issues such as zinc supplementation alone, in combination with iron or with other micronutrients should be better addressed. Researchers are exploring effect of combined supplementation and its effect on zinc status, but the data are not clear regarding morbidity outcomes. Combined supplementation of iron and zinc may provide an efficient way to combat deficiency symptoms of both minerals.

From the study it is concluded that fibre proves to be a better alternative to steel and alloys specially for repairing and maintenance of structures damaged by heavy use and corrosion and as a material for strengthening. The mechanical properties of fibre reinforced concrete make them ideal of widespread applications in construction world. There are number of fibres, if one fibre has some drawbacks, then more than one fibre can be used to hide the drawback of other. The study shows that initial cost of fibre reinforced concrete is much higher as compared to steel reinforced concrete, because one fibre rod cost is expected to be in-between 2 to 8 times the cost of normal steel bars. But the study and research shows that this high cost can be justified by looking at "whole life cost of structure."

Nutraceutical products are an ever-evolving creative process that goes beyond scientific empiricism. Beta-glucan is one of the valuable nutraceutical polysaccharide having proven health benefits. Previously, beta glucan was very expensive to manufacture. Recent developments in manufacturing have made this product affordable. This book portrait all issues regarding extraction of -glucan from cereal source their characterization for end use and finally utilization into various products. A great deal of information is gathered about health implication and safety of -glucan making this book valuable for food processor, researcher, academicians and students of Food science & Nutrition. This book contain: Low cost Extraction technology for -glucan;Previous research highlighting issues about sources of -glucan, Extraction techniques, physicochemical and functional properties, Viscosity and Food application of -glucan; Characterization of -glucan for industrial application; Nutritional and nutraceutical aspects of -glucan; Rheological changes that may appear through incorporation of -glucan; Exploring potential of -glucan for incorporation into bread