This book describes a robust, low-cost electrochemical sensing system that is able to detect hormones and phthalates - the most ubiquitous endocrine disruptor compounds - in beverages and is sufficiently flexible to be readily coupled with any existing chemical or biochemical sensing system. A novel type of silicon substrate-based smart interdigital transducer, developed using MEMS semiconductor fabrication technology, is employed in conjunction with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to allow real-time detection and analysis. Furthermore, the presented interdigital capacitive sensor design offers a sufficient penetration depth of the fringing electric field to permit bulk sample testing. The authors address all aspects of the development of the system and fully explain its benefits. The book will be of wide interest to engineers, scientists, and researchers working in the fields of physical electrochemistry and biochemistry at the undergraduate, postgraduate, and research levels. It will also be highly relevant for practitioners and researchers involved in the development of electromagnetic sensors.

This book describes a robust, low-cost electrochemical sensing system that is able to detect hormones and phthalates - the most ubiquitous endocrine disruptor compounds - in beverages and is sufficiently flexible to be readily coupled with any existing chemical or biochemical sensing system. A novel type of silicon substrate-based smart interdigital transducer, developed using MEMS semiconductor fabrication technology, is employed in conjunction with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to allow real-time detection and analysis. Furthermore, the presented interdigital capacitive sensor design offers a sufficient penetration depth of the fringing electric field to permit bulk sample testing. The authors address all aspects of the development of the system and fully explain its benefits. The book will be of wide interest to engineers, scientists, and researchers working in the fields of physical electrochemistry and biochemistry at the undergraduate, postgraduate, and research levels. It will also be highly relevant for practitioners and researchers involved in the development of electromagnetic sensors.

This book introduces readers to both basic and advanced concepts in deep network models. It covers state-of-the-art deep architectures that many researchers are currently using to overcome the limitations of the traditional artificial neural networks. Various deep architecture models and their components are discussed in detail, and subsequently illustrated by algorithms and selected applications. In addition, the book explains in detail the transfer learning approach for faster training of deep models; the approach is also demonstrated on large volumes of fingerprint and face image datasets. In closing, it discusses the unique set of problems and challenges associated with these models.

Integration of mobile ad hoc network and the Internet allows ubiquitous Internet services for mobile users in a MANET. We proposed a new gateway discovery and selection scheme to rescue the network from the problems of current schemes. Our scheme uses a triggered broadcast of gateway advertisement messages at the gateways when hit by gateway discovery messages. We also bounded the dissemination of the gateway advertisement messages up to the requesting mobile node from the gateway. We combined hop count, traffic load (interface queue length), and the total number of neighbors along a route to the gateway in order to formulate a new metric for gateway selection. Our metric chooses the gateway which is not only closest but also has the route from the mobile node with less load and less dense. Simulation results show that our scheme outperforms other schemes.

Large enterprise level systems often have their own application software layer wrapped over large software tools or products from commercial vendors. From time to time, vendors release patches which update or enhance the products to meet various requirements. However, applying the patches often introduces risk that the wrapper software layer might behave incorrectly, especially if the customer has little knowledge of the linkage between the application layer and the vendor provided system (for example, because the application itself is a legacy system). So there is always the need for analyzing the impact of patches and reducing the risk in applying them. Impact analysis depends on two sources of knowledge -- the physical modifications made by a patch and a dependency graph of the entities in the system. This thesis provides an empirical approach to finding modifications and generating dependency graphs that can be used for impact analysis.

All research activity may b argued to be collaborative in nature. This dissertation is no exception and the effort, ideas and invaluable support of a number on individuals is acknowledged. Thanks may be extended along the lines of supervision, empirical support and in more general sense as follows: Firstly the research process would have been far more tortuous, if not impossible, were it not for the experience and guidance of my supervisor. On this account, gratitude is extended to Mr. Carlos Ribeiro for his experienced "invisible hand" of guidance and his soft, gentle and affectionate style of understanding problem and providing effective support.Thanks are also extended towards a few individual who helped me by guiding me through the tough spots during my dissertation. These individuals include Kashif, Iftikhat Hussain, Fahad Mahmand, Abrar, and Iftikhar Ali.I would like to offer special thanks to my friend Hina Shah for her invaluable guidance and moral support during all these days.Last, but very important, I would like to say thanks to my parents giving me life in the first place, for educating me with aspects from both arts and sciences, for unconditional support.

Lentil (Lens culinaris M.) is a nutritious food legume and is the fourth most important pulse crop in the world.Lentil seed is a rich source of protein, minerals and vitamins for human nutrition and the straw is a valued animal feed. The legumes secrete flavonoids which attract motile rhizobia that attach to the root surface. These bacteria when come in contact with legume roots enhance its growth in a number of ways.Thus integrated use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and value-added composted organic waste could be highly effective in improving yield and nodulation of lentil crop.A field study was planned to investigate the integrated effect of plant growth promoting bacteria containing ACC-deaminase, rhizobia and enriched compost on growth, nodulation and yield of lentil. This book provides a vital piece of knowledge for upcoming researchers in field of plant microbiology and nutrition.

Challenges to overcome: 1 Trust Concerns: The lack of trust between buyer and seller has been hindering the growth of Internet commerce in the South Asian markets. The payment procedure processes should be improved in order to increase the market size. We have suggested few payment procedures which will be in line with the policies of the South Asia. 2 Setting up Accounts: We have addressed the problems which are faced by the customers and also recommended alternative measures that will enhance the possibility of growth in South Asian markets. 3 Culture: Culture is the behaviours and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic or age group. The culture of South Asia is very strong and people are rooted to it.This culture should be included in the workflow process of digital services in south Asia. 4 Customer Care: Customer satisfaction is the first priority of any business; if the business is over internet then it is more important since the customer cannot see the seller.We have suggested good measures which will improve the standard of complaint management cell thereby leading to a better customer care.