This ground-breaking Handbook presents a state-of-the-art exploration of entropy, complexity, and spatial dynamics from fundamental theoretical, empirical and methodological perspectives. It considers how foundational theories can contribute to new advances, including novel modeling and empirical insights at different sectoral, spatial, and temporal scales. With the help of leading experts worldwide, the Handbook examines how and to what extent entropic and non-entropic forces and processes in complex spatial socio-economic systems shape and are shaped by their structure and dynamics. Moreover, considering current concerns that big data and related data-driven methods may signal an end to theory, this Handbook is intended to investigate the potential and possibilities for complexity science to engage, revitalize, and advance theory in spatial economics. Overall, this Handbook reaches beyond qualitative generalizations, contributing to the identification of fundamental structural and dynamic properties of the complex space-economy. Drawing upon diverse foundations and perspectives, the Handbook on Entropy, Complexity and Spatial Dynamics: A Rebirth of Theory? will be an essential resource for researchers and students of many fields and disciplines, including economics, urban planning and geography, regional science, information science, physics, and biology.

Complex systems analysis has become a fascinating topic in modern research on non-linear dynamics, not only in the physical sciences but also in the life sciences and the social sciences. After the era of bifurcation theory, chaos theory, syn- getics, resilience analysis, network dynamics and evolutionary thinking, currently we observe an increasing interest in critical transitions of dynamic real-world systems in many disciplines, such as demography, biology, psychology, economics, earth sciences, geology, seismology, medical sciences, and so on. The relevance of this approach is clearly re?ected in such phenomena as traf?c congestion, ?nancial crisis, ethnic con?icts, eco-system breakdown, health failures, etc. This has prompted a world-wide interest in complex systems. Geographical space is one of the playgrounds for complex dynamics, as is witnessed by population movements, transport ?ows, retail developments, urban expansion, lowland ?ooding and so forth. All such dynamic phenomena have one feature in common: the low predictability of uncertain interrelated events occurring at different interconnected spatio-temporal scale levels and often originating from different disciplinary backgrounds. The study of the associated non-linear (fast and slow) dynamic transition paths calls for a joint research effort of scientists from different disciplines in order to understand the nature, the roots and the con- quences of unexpected or unpredictable changes in complex spatial systems.

One aspect of the new economy is a transition to a networked society, and the emergence of a highly interconnected, interdependent and complex system of networks to move people, goods and information. An example of this is the in creasing reliance of networked systems (e. g. , air transportation networks, electric power grid, maritime transport, etc. ) on telecommunications and information in frastructure. Many of the networks that evolved today have an added complexity in that they have both a spatial structure - i. e. , they are located in physical space but also an a spatial dimension brought on largely by their dependence on infor mation technology. They are also often just one component of a larger system of geographically integrated and overlapping networks operating at different spatial levels. An understanding of these complexities is imperative for the design of plans and policies that can be used to optimize the efficiency, performance and safety of transportation, telecommunications and other networked systems. In one sense, technological advances along with economic forces that encourage the clustering of activities in space to reduce transaction costs have led to more efficient network structures. At the same time the very properties that make these networks more ef ficient have also put them at a greater risk for becoming disconnected or signifi cantly disruptedwh en super connected nodes are removed either intentionally or through a targeted attack.

The technological developments as well as urban future of an information age where the development of ICT sets the pace and options is explored in this book. The text examines the current state of daily travelling, and highlights the achievable impact and acceptability of transport policy measures. Freight transport is discussed from an industry viewpoint. In addition, the text presents various innovative approaches to rearranging current freight transport networks. Methods to evaluate the societal consensus related to the spatial development - linked to transport infrastructures - are also described. Still further, the text discuses methods for assessing spatial planning policies.

The concept of accessibility is linked to the level of opportunities available for spatial interaction (flows of people, goods or information) between a set of locations, through a physical and/or digital transport infrastructure network. Accessibility has proved to be a crucial tool for understanding the framework of sustainability policy in light of best practice planning and decision-making processes. Methods such as cost-benefit analysis, multi-criteria analysis and risk analysis can benefit greatly from embedding accessibility results. This book presents a cohesive collection of recent studies, modeling and discussing spatial interaction by means of accessibility indicators. Three key areas of information are discussed: (i) methods and data sources used to estimate spatial interaction through accessibility indicators; (ii) spatial and social dimension of accessibility; (iii) accessibility as a driver of spatial interaction. Accessibility and Spatial Interaction demonstrates the integration of spatial economics with transport and planning science, using accessibility concepts and measures in exciting new ways. Policy makers and practitioners in transport and urban planning will appreciate this fresh level of insight, and academics in economics, sociology and geography will find this book an important reference point. Contributors include: P. Arbues, J. Banos, S. Caschili, A. Condeco-Melhorado, A. de Montis, G. Galiazzo, U. Grasjoe, J. Gutierrez, K. Haynes, A. Holl, C. Karlsson, R. Kulkarni, M. Mayor, D.P. McArthur, K. Nagel, T.W. Nicolai, J. OEsth, A. Reggiani, P. Remoaldo, V. Ribeiro, M.H. Salas-Olmedo, L.A. Schintler, R. Stough, I. Thorsen, D. Trogu, J. Uboe

Accessibility is a concept central to integrated transport and land use planning. The goal of improving accessibility for all modes, for all people, has made its way into mainstream transport policy and planning in communities worldwide. This unique and fascinating book introduces new accessibility approaches to transport planning across Europe and the United States. The expert contributors present a wide variety of perspectives on transport and communication issues and explore their impacts on society at an international level. Best practice in both accessibility analysis and modelling are highlighted via widely interdisciplinary approaches. Moreover, future objectives and areas for research are clearly addressed. This book will prove an absorbing read for scholars, researchers and students working on accessibility issues across various academic fields including civil engineering, economics, geography, and the social sciences. Transport and urban planners will also find the book to be an invaluable reference tool. Contributors: K.W. Axhausen, X. Cao, C. Chorus, P. Christidis, Y. Crozet, M. de Bok, T. de Graaff, G. Debrezion, A. El-Geneidy, K.T. Geurs, A. Gjestland, A. Golub, D. Halden, J. Horning, N. Ibanez Rivas, K.J. Krizek, K. Lucas, K. Manaugh, K. Martens, D. McArthur, A. Mercier, P.L. Mokhtarian, T. Neutens, L. Osland, N. Ovtracht, A. Reggiani, P. Rietveld, I. Thorsen, B. van Wee, C. Zollig, B. Zondag

Interdisciplinary contributors from across Europe and the USA join together in this book to provide a timely overview of the latest theories and policies related to transport networks. They cover topical issues such as: environmental benefits of substitution of aviation by high speed trains; incident management; impacts of aviation deregulation; and time savings in freight transport. The book also breaks new ground on the development of new methods of cost benefit analysis and other approaches in policy analysis.

While planning involves seeking ways of influencing future behavior, it is important to have at the outset an abstraction of the world upon which to base an assessment of outcomes. The papers in this collection represent some of the major works in the field of planning models, with land use planning as a core theme. The collection is divided into several parts: Part 1 focuses on location models and embraces a series of classic survey papers as well as a number of more specific contributions covering such topics as the distribution of residential activities. This is followed in part 2 by papers concerned with spatial interaction and, in particular the gravity model. Part 3 of the collection contains papers on micro-macro models that look at ways of moving from individual to collective behavior, whilst part 4 is concerned with dynamic models. Part 5 of the volume reflects an increasing interest in the role of various networks in the formulation of plans, and finally part 6 completes the volume with a selection of policy-planning models.

First published in 1999, the main feature of this book is its multidisciplinary nature, since the book focuses on the complexity of spatial/ economic networks from several methodological points of view. For this purpose both theoretical and empirical works have been included. The aim of the book is to provide an updated and fresh look at the mentioned issue with innovative and creative papers coming from leading experts belonging to different disciplines. Therefore the book could be considered as an expert and critical guide - through different methodological approaches - to the topic of (complex) networks in the space-economy. All the contributions provide innovative and in some cases provocative elements to the understanding of networks and development over space.

First published in 1998, this volume enters the debate on human behaviour in the form of neural networks in a spatial context. As most transportation research techniques had been developed in the 1960s and 1970s, these authors sought to bring that research into the modern era. Featuring 17 articles from 37 contributors, it begins with an overview and proceeds to examine aspects of travel behaviour, traffic flow and traffic management.

Interdisciplinary contributors from across Europe and the USA join together in this book to provide a timely overview of the latest theories and policies related to transport networks. They cover topical issues such as: environmental benefits of substitution of aviation by high speed trains; incident management; impacts of aviation deregulation; and time savings in freight transport. The book also breaks new ground on the development of new methods of cost benefit analysis and other approaches in policy analysis.

First published in 1998, this timely volume features 30 specialists in civil engineering, economics, computer science, architecture, technology and infrastructure and revisits - theoretically, methodologically and empirically - the conventional concepts and measures of accessibility, and connectivity / functioning of the networks, accessibility and dynamic location effects.

First published in 1998, this volume enters the debate on human behaviour in the form of neural networks in a spatial context. As most transportation research techniques had been developed in the 1960s and 1970s, these authors sought to bring that research into the modern era. Featuring 17 articles from 37 contributors, it begins with an overview and proceeds to examine aspects of travel behaviour, traffic flow and traffic management.

Recent years have seen considerable changes in the technology of transportation with the development of high-speed rail networks, more fuel-efficient automobiles and aircraft, and the widespread adoption of informatics in disciplines such as traffic management and supply chain logistics. The authors in this volume assess transportation interactions with employment and income, examine some of the policies that have been deployed to maximize the economic and social impacts of transportation provision at the local and regional levels and analyze how advances in transportation technologies have impacted, and will, impact future development. Due in part to the general liberalization of markets, there have been major changes in the institutional environment in which transportation is supplied; these changes inevitably affect wider economic systems and development, although in turn these changes feed back upon transportation networks. The contributors to this work develop these and other themes from a variety of perspectives, implementing a wide range of academic approaches into their analyses. Stemming from initiatives of the Network on European Communications and Transport Activities Research (NECTAR), Transportation and Economic Development Challenges presents a body of research that exemplifies the organization's objective of fostering research collaboration around the world. This book serves as a much-needed bridge between transportation and economic development. As such, it will be of significant interest to students and scholars of economics, transport studies and development, policymakers, and anyone with an interest in broadening their understanding of the links between economics and transportation.

First published in 1999, the main feature of this book is its multidisciplinary nature, since the book focuses on the complexity of spatial/ economic networks from several methodological points of view. For this purpose both theoretical and empirical works have been included. The aim of the book is to provide an updated and fresh look at the mentioned issue with innovative and creative papers coming from leading experts belonging to different disciplines. Therefore the book could be considered as an expert and critical guide - through different methodological approaches - to the topic of (complex) networks in the space-economy. All the contributions provide innovative and in some cases provocative elements to the understanding of networks and development over space.

This title was first published in 2001. A delightfully oriented selection of international state-of-the-art research in applied regional science, this informative volume places particular emphasis on the use of qualitative/quantitative methodologies in transportation and spatial dynamics. It presents new theoretical contributions in the context of spatial competition dynamics, particularly illustrating various combinations of methods and models regarding new measures of competition/cohesion in the two main fields of transportation and spatial dynamics.

As a result of the drastic changes caused by major systemic shifts in society, such as the rise of the knowledge economy or the increasing use of information and communication technology, modern economies have witnessed a transition to a networked society, where interconnectivity and interoperability between different economic systems and layers play a significant role. This important new book provides a valuable set of studies on spatial dynamics, emerging networks and modelling efforts. It employs interdisciplinary concepts alongside innovative trajectories to highlight recent advances in analysing and modelling the spatial economy, transport networks, industrial dynamics and regional systems. It is argued that modelling network processes at different spatial scales provides critical information for the design of plans and policies. Furthermore, a key issue in the current complex and heterogeneous landscape is the adoption and validation of new approaches, models and methodologies, which are able to grasp the emergent aspects of economic uncertainty and discontinuity, as well as overcome the current difficulties of carrying out appropriate forecasts. In exploring diverse pathways for theoretical, methodological and empirical analysis, this exciting volume offers promising and evolutionary perspectives on the modern spatial network society. Spatial Dynamics, Networks and Modelling is a unique and illuminating book, which will have widespread appeal among students, scholars and practitioners of spatial economics, regional science, transport economics and geography.

Complex systems analysis has become a fascinating topic in modern research on non-linear dynamics, not only in the physical sciences but also in the life sciences and the social sciences. After the era of bifurcation theory, chaos theory, syn- getics, resilience analysis, network dynamics and evolutionary thinking, currently we observe an increasing interest in critical transitions of dynamic real-world systems in many disciplines, such as demography, biology, psychology, economics, earth sciences, geology, seismology, medical sciences, and so on. The relevance of this approach is clearly re?ected in such phenomena as traf?c congestion, ?nancial crisis, ethnic con?icts, eco-system breakdown, health failures, etc. This has prompted a world-wide interest in complex systems. Geographical space is one of the playgrounds for complex dynamics, as is witnessed by population movements, transport ?ows, retail developments, urban expansion, lowland ?ooding and so forth. All such dynamic phenomena have one feature in common: the low predictability of uncertain interrelated events occurring at different interconnected spatio-temporal scale levels and often originating from different disciplinary backgrounds. The study of the associated non-linear (fast and slow) dynamic transition paths calls for a joint research effort of scientists from different disciplines in order to understand the nature, the roots and the con- quences of unexpected or unpredictable changes in complex spatial systems.

For many decades scholars from various disciplines have been intrigued by the question whether there are unifying principles or models that have a validity in different disciplines. The building of such analytical frameworks bridging the gaps between scientific traditions is a very ambitious task and has not been very successful up till now. In the past - in a static context - several such principles have been defined and advocated at the edge of the natural sciences on the one hand and social sciences (in particular, economics and geography) on the other hand, mainly based on the paradigm of 'social physics'. Some important contributions to the integration of the spatial systems sciences and physics can be found in gravity theory and entropy theory, which have formed the comer stones of interaction models in space. This book is about spatial interaction models. It describes the origin, the history and the correspondence of such models from a 'social physics' perspective. It is emphasized that such models need a clear behavioural underpinning as a sine qua non for a valid use in spatial systems analysis. This view also explains the use of micro-based disaggregate choice models as a tool for analyzing spatial systems. This is mainly analyzed in Part A of this book.

Is our world more dynamic than it used to be in the past? Have phenomena in the social science field become unpredictable? Are chaotic events nowadays occurring more frequently than in the past? Such questions are often raised in popular debates on nonlinear evolution and self-organizing systems. At the same time, many scientists are also raising various intruiging methodological issues. Is it possible to separate deterministic chaos from random disturbances if their trajectories are (almost) similar? Is prediction still possible in a world of chaos (Poincare)? Is it possible to distinguish specification errors from measurement errors in a nonlinear dynamic model? Is evolution a random process? The list of such questions can easily be extended with dozens of others. But despite the myriad of questions on problems of nonlinear evolution, one common trait is evident: in both the natural and the social sciences we are still groping in the dark in areas which are par excellence promising hunting grounds for exploratory and exploratory research, viz. structural grounds in an uncertain nonlinear world. The present book aims at offering a collection of refreshing contributions to the above research issues by focusing attention, in particular on nonlinear dynamic evolution in space at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) in Wassenaar, the Netherlands. The Institute has to be thanked for its hospitality and support, reflected inter alia in a workshop at which several of the papers included in this book were discussed.

The technological developments as well as urban future of an information age where the development of ICT sets the pace and options is explored in this book. The text examines the current state of daily travelling, and highlights the achievable impact and acceptability of transport policy measures. Freight transport is discussed from an industry viewpoint. In addition, the text presents various innovative approaches to rearranging current freight transport networks. Methods to evaluate the societal consensus related to the spatial development - linked to transport infrastructures - are also described. Still further, the text discuses methods for assessing spatial planning policies.

One aspect of the new economy is a transition to a networked society, and the emergence of a highly interconnected, interdependent and complex system of networks to move people, goods and information. An example of this is the in creasing reliance of networked systems (e. g. , air transportation networks, electric power grid, maritime transport, etc. ) on telecommunications and information in frastructure. Many of the networks that evolved today have an added complexity in that they have both a spatial structure - i. e. , they are located in physical space but also an a spatial dimension brought on largely by their dependence on infor mation technology. They are also often just one component of a larger system of geographically integrated and overlapping networks operating at different spatial levels. An understanding of these complexities is imperative for the design of plans and policies that can be used to optimize the efficiency, performance and safety of transportation, telecommunications and other networked systems. In one sense, technological advances along with economic forces that encourage the clustering of activities in space to reduce transaction costs have led to more efficient network structures. At the same time the very properties that make these networks more ef ficient have also put them at a greater risk for becoming disconnected or signifi cantly disruptedwh en super connected nodes are removed either intentionally or through a targeted attack.

With the dawn of the twenty-first century comes the awareness that current rapid political-economic-social and technological transformations will affect our of living, by producing new forms of information, communications, common way market, work-style and leisure. In this context, human behaviour will certainly change its 'fixed' parameters. It is likely that the relationships between internal structures and external influences, between individual components and collective behaviour, as well as between multi-scale networks and interrelated dynamics, will show spatio-temporal patterns which will be difficult to predict by means of our usual tools. As a consequence, academic research is increasingly being required to play an active role in addressing new ways of understanding and forecasting the sets of interacting structures, ranging from the technical to the organizational, and from the social to the economic and political levels, while at the same time incorporating concerns about the 'new' economy, environment, society, information and technology. It is now evident that social science - especially spatial and economic scienc- needs innovative 'paths', together with continuous cross-fertilization among the many disciplines involved. In order to investigate these intriguing perspectives, we seem to have embarked on an era of methodological reflections - rather than developing strong theoretical foundations. This volume aims to provide an overview of these new insights and frontiers for theoretical/methodological studies and research applications in the space-economy.