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This book of elementary principles of politics is written in two
(2) parts. Part One is entitled: The Campaign is all About The
Candidate." It is primarily concerned with matters to be considered
by a person involved in a campaign. Part is entitled: Thoughts of
an Elected Official." It is primarily concerned with a reflection
of what happened during a term in office when the campaigning ends
and the work of representing the people begins. This book is a
primer on practical politics before and after the election and it
provides a guide for any person who wants to be a Candidate and a
Public Official.
After 1898 the United States not only solidified its position as an
economic colossus, but by annexing Puerto Rico and the Philippines
it had also added for the first time semi-permanent, heavily
populated colonies unlikely ever to attain statehood. In short
order followed a formal protectorate over Cuba, the "taking" of
Panama to build a canal, and the announcement of a new Corollary to
the Monroe Doctrine, proclaiming an American duty to "police" the
hemisphere. Empire had been an American practice since the nation's
founding, but the new policies were understood as departures from
traditional methods of territorial expansion. How to match these
actions with traditional non-entanglement constituted the central
preoccupation of U.S. foreign relations in the early twentieth
century. International lawyers proposed instead that the United
States become an impartial judge. By becoming a force for law in
the world, America could reconcile its republican ideological
tradition with a desire to rank with the Great Powers. Lawyers'
message scaled new heights of popularity in the first decade and a
half of the twentieth century as a true profession of international
law emerged. The American Society of International Law (ASIL) and
other groups, backed by the wealth of the Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace, held annual meetings and published journals.
They called for the creation of an international court, the holding
of regular conferences to codify the rules of law, and the
education of public opinion as to the proper rights and duties of
states. To an extent unmatched before or since, the U.S.
government-the executive branch if not always the U.S.
Senate-embraced this project. Washington called for peace
conferences and pushed for the creation of a "true " international
court. It proposed legal institutions to preserve order in its
hemisphere. Meanwhile lawyers advised presidents and made policy.
The ASIL counted among its first members every living secretary of
state (but one) who held office between 1892 and 1920. Growing
numbers of international lawyers populated the State Department and
represented U.S. corporations with business overseas. International
lawyers were not isolated idealists operating from the sidelines.
Well-connected, well-respected, and well-compensated, they formed
an integral part of the foreign policy establishment that built and
policed an expanding empire.
America's empire expanded dramatically following the
Spanish-American War of 1898. The United States quickly annexed the
Philippines and Puerto Rico, seized control over Cuba and the
Panama Canal Zone, and extended political and financial power
throughout Latin America. This age of empire, Benjamin Allen Coates
argues, was also an age of international law. Justifying America's
empire with the language of law and civilization, international
lawyers-serving simultaneously as academics, leaders of the legal
profession, corporate attorneys, and high-ranking government
officials-became central to the conceptualization, conduct, and
rationalization of US foreign policy. Just as international law
shaped empire, so too did empire shape international law. Legalist
Empire shows how the American Society of International Law was
animated by the same notions of "civilization" that justified the
expansion of empire overseas. Using the private papers and
published writings of such figures as Elihu Root, John Bassett
Moore, and James Brown Scott, Coates shows how the newly-created
international law profession merged European influences with trends
in American jurisprudence, while appealing to elite notions of
order, reform, and American identity. By projecting an image of the
United States as a unique force for law and civilization, legalists
reconciled American exceptionalism, empire, and an international
rule of law. Under their influence the nation became the world's
leading advocate for the creation of an international court.
Although the legalist vision of world peace through voluntary
adjudication foundered in the interwar period, international
lawyers-through their ideas and their presence in halls of
power-continue to infuse vital debates about America's global role
This book of elementary principles of politics is written in two
(2) parts. Part One is entitled: The Campaign is all About The
Candidate." It is primarily concerned with matters to be considered
by a person involved in a campaign. Part is entitled: Thoughts of
an Elected Official." It is primarily concerned with a reflection
of what happened during a term in office when the campaigning ends
and the work of representing the people begins. This book is a
primer on practical politics before and after the election and it
provides a guide for any person who wants to be a Candidate and a
Public Official.
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