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As a stunning tide of democratization sweeps across much of the
world, countries must cope with increasing problems of economic
development, political and social integration, and greater public
demand of scarce resources. That ability to respond effectively to
these issues depends largely on the institutional choices of each
of these newly democratizing countries. With critics of national
political institutions in the United States arguing that the
American separation-of-powers system promotes ineffectiveness and
policy deadlock, many question whether these countries should
emulate American institutions or choose parliamentary institutions
instead. The essays in this book fully examine whether
parliamentary government is superior to the separation-of-powers
system through a direct comparison of the two. In addressing
specific policy areassuch as innovation and implementation of
energy policies after the oil shocks of 1970, management of
societal cleavages, setting of government priorities in budgeting,
representation of diffuse interest in environmental policy, and
management of defense forcesthe authors define capabilities that
allow governments to respond to policy problems. Do Institutions
Matter? includes case studies that bear important evidence on when
and how institutions influence government effectiveness. The
authors discover a widespread variation among parliamentary systems
both in institutional arrangements and in governmental
capabilities, and find that many of the failings of policy
performance commonly attributed to American political institutions
are in fact widely shared among western industrial countries.
Moreover, they show how American political institutions inhibitsome
government capabilities while enhancing others. Changing American
institutions to improve some aspects of governmental performance
could hurt other widely valued capabilities. The authors draw
important guidelines for institutional reformers while emphasizing
that institutions do have predictable risks and opportunities. They
caution that a balance between such risks and opportunities must
first be reached before policy reformers try to change political
institutions.
The study of political institutions is among the founding pillars
of political science. With the rise of the 'new institutionalism',
the study of institutions has returned to its place in the sun.
This volume provides a comprehensive survey of where we are in the
study of political institutions, covering both the traditional
concerns of political science with constitutions, federalism and
bureaucracy and more recent interest in theory and the constructed
nature of institutions. The Oxford Handbook of Political
Institutions draws together a galaxy of distinguished contributors
drawn from leading universities across the world. Authoritative
reviews of the literature and assessments of future research
directions will help to set the research agenda for the next
decade.
This collection of essays brings together scholars active in
research on the literature concerning the recruitment of
presidential candidates and other scholars who specialise in
cognitive psychology and organisation theory, all of whom offer
their views on the institution of the presidency.
"Hope" and "change" were the keywords of President Barack Obama's
2008 campaign, and in his farewell address on January 10, 2017, he
cited the evidence that he'd delivered-from reversing the Great
Recession, rebooting the auto industry, and unleashing the longest
stretch of job creation in the nation's history to winning marriage
equality and securing the right to health insurance for another 20
million citizens. At the same time, and with a view to the
country's divisive polarization, he made a plea for "the decency of
our people" and "the sense of common purpose that we so badly need
right now." In hindsight, it is increasingly possible to understand
whether and how Obama's legacy matched his rhetoric as well as to
evaluate from various angles what his presidency accomplished and
what this has meant for US politics, public policy, and civic life
going forward. In The Obama Legacy some of the leading observers
and scholars of US politics take up this challenge. In twelve
essays these writers examine Obama's choices, operating style, and
opportunities taken and missed as well as the institutional and
political constraints on the president's policy agenda. What were
Obama's personal characteristics as a leader? What were the policy
aspirations, output, and strategy of his presidency? What was his
role as a political and public leader to the various constituencies
needed to generate presidential power? And how did his presidency
interact with other political forces? Addressing these questions
and others, the authors analyze Obama's preferences, tactics,
successes, and shortcomings with an eye toward balancing the
personal and institutional factors that underlie each-all the while
considering how resilient or fragile Obama's legacy will be in the
face of the Trump administration's eager efforts to dismantle it.
In the latest volume in this classic series, Rockman, Rudalevige,
and Campbell once again bring together top-notch scholars, this
time to take a comprehensive look at the first two years of Barack
Obama's presidency. Assessing Obama's political strategy, as well
as his administration's successes and setbacks, chapter authors
critically examine a presidency marked by continued partisanship,
major policy battles, and continued global turmoil.
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