The more technical linguistic sense of the term "yoga," describing a system of meditation or contemplation with the aim of the cessation of mental activity and the attaining of a "supreme state" arises with early Buddhism. In Hindu scripture, this sense of the term "yoga" first appears in the middle Upanishads, such as the Katha Upanishad. Shvetashvatara Upanishad mentions, "When earth, water, fire, air and akasa arise, when the five attributes of the elements, mentioned in the books on yoga, become manifest then the yogi's body becomes purified by the fire of yoga and he is free from illness, old age, and death." (Verse 2.12) More importantly in the following verse it mentions, the "precursors of perfection in yoga," namely lightness and healthiness of the body, absence of desire, clear complexion, pleasantness of voice, sweet odour and slight excretions.

An analytical method transfer is a complete process that consists in transferring a validated analytical method from a sending laboratory (called sender) to a receiving laboratory (called receiver) after having experimentally demonstrated that it also masters the method. The process for the transfer of analytical methodology is, on the surface, a relatively simple operation. In its most common form, analytical method transfer is the verification that a method or test procedure works in an equivalent fashion at two or more different sites or laboratories and meets all acceptance criteria. This process is driven by compliance and governed by a statistical treatment of the resulting data. McGonigle defined Method transfer as "the introduction of a validated method into a designated laboratory so that it can be used in the same capacity for which it was originally developed." The transfer of a method from a laboratory to a production site is an important step in the development cycle of new pharmaceutical products.

Cancer is a major public health problem. Statistics for cancer in India revealed that one in every 12 women and one in every 12 men up to 64 years of age are expected to get some form of cancer in their lifetimes. Cancer incidence in India is rising steadily with 800,000 new cases predicted in 2001.The WHO estimates that 6 million people worldwide die annually from cancer. Cancer incidence in Indian men is about half to one third of the incidence recorded in USA and Europe. Incidence rates in Indian women are about half of that experience of USA and European women. The estimated number of new cancer cases for year 1992 was 644,600 and during the year 2001, which was about 806,000 cases. Now the survival rate of cancer is increasing steadily. By the 1930s, only one out of five cancer patients survived five or more years after treatment and were considered cured. Now the survival rate has improved and fiveyear survival from all cancer is almost 62% and excluding lung cancer it is 69%.

Protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) play an essential role in the intracellular mitogenic signaling mechanism. In fact, many growth factor receptors themselves have intrinsic PTK activity, as evidenced by the cases of epidermal growth factor (EGF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and stem cell factor (SCF) receptors. In contrast to these receptor-type PTKs, many PTKs do not have a transmembrane domain in their structure. These are designated as non-receptor-type PTKs or cytoplasmic PTKs. Non-receptor PTKs can be further subdivided into a number of sub- families, one of which is the Tec family. The Tec family consists of five members, namely Tec, Btk, Itk/Emt/Tsk, Bmx and Txk/Rlk. Many members of this family are abundantly expressed in hematopoietic tissues, where they are presumed to function in the growth, differentiation or both processes of blood cells. This hypothesis is strengthened by the fact that the Btk kinase molecule is responsible for X chromosome-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) in humans and X chromosome-linked immunodeficiency (Xid) in mice.

Amnesia is a condition in which memory is disturbed or lost. Memory in this context refers either to stored memories or to the process of committing something to memory. The causes of amnesia have traditionally been divided into the "organic" or the "functional." Organic causes may include brain damage through injury, or the use of specific drugs - usually sedative drugs. Amnesia may be one of the symptoms of some degenerative brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Functional causes are psychological factors, such as defense mechanisms. People with amnesia also find it hard to imagine the future, because our constructions of future scenarios are closely linked to our recollections of past experiences. Researchers from Washington University in St. Louis used advanced brain imaging techniques to show that remembering the past and envisioning the future may go hand-in-hand, with each process sparking strikingly similar patterns of activity within precisely the same broad network of broad region.

Hyperlipidemia, also called hypercholesterolemia or High cholesterol is the condition in which there is increase in the concentration of cholesterol and/or triglycerides carrying lipoproteins in plasma. It is the condition indicating increase in lipid level. Both these conditions may cause narrowing and hardening of the arteries, i.e.atherosclerosis. Thus hyperlipidemia is one of the leading cause of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction and cerebral vascular accidents. More than 650,000 people die every year of coronary heart disease (CHD) in the US alone. In 1984 it was demonstrated for the first time that there exists a link between serum cholesterol levels and risk to CHD. A 1% drop in serum cholesterol reduces the risk for CHD by 2%. Positive risk factors for CHD include Age (men35 mg/dl); obesity (

It was first described by Alois Alzheimer in 1906. At a scientific meeting in November 1906, German physician Alois Alzheimer presented the case of "Frau Auguste D.," a 51-year-old woman brought to see him in 1901 by her family. Auguste had developed problems with memory, unfounded suspicions that her husband was unfaithful, and difficulty speaking and understanding what was said to her. Her symptoms rapidly grew worse, and within a few years she was bedridden. She died in spring 1906.Dr. Alzheimer had never before seen anyone like Auguste D., and he gained the family's permission to perform an autopsy. In Auguste's brain, he saw dramatic shrinkage, especially of the cortex, the outer layer involved in memory, thinking, judgment and speech. Under the microscope, he also saw widespread fatty deposits in small blood vessels, dead and dying brain cells, and abnormal deposits in and around cells. The condition entered the medical literature in 1907, when Alzheimer published his observations about Auguste D. In 1910, Emil Kraepelin, a psychiatrist noted for his work in naming and classifying brain disorders, proposed that the disease be named after Alzheimer.

Good Clinical Practice (GCP) is an international quality standard that is provided by International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), an international body that defines standards, which governments can transpose into regulations for clinical trials involving human subjects. "Good Clinical Practice (GCP) is defined as a' standard for the design, conduct, performance, monitoring, auditing, recording, analyses and reporting of clinical trials that provides assurance that the data and reported results are credible and accurate, and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial subjects are protected." "Good Clinical Practice (GCP) is an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, conducting, recording and reporting trials that involve the participation of human subjects. Compliance with this standard provides public assurance that the rights, safety and well-being of trial subjects are protected; consistent with the principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki, and that the clinical trial data are credible."

Conventional drug delivery system were used for long time.Drug was usually administered in forms such as tablet, capsule, emulsion, suspension etc but administering drug using these conventional dosage form encountered a number of problems.The problems were mainly regarding poor distribution, stability, site delivery etc. most of these problems were solved by using Novel drug delivery system(NDDS). Liposome is one amongst those drug delivery system.With the help of liposomes it was possible to deliver the drug in a controlled manner. Drugs included in the liposomes directly reached to the site of action. With the help of liposomes it was possible to protect the physical and chemical degration. Hydrophillic as well as lipophillic drug could be administered with the help of liposome formulation. Liposomes are long circulating forms and thus it is possible to administer the drug with a sustained release profile. In liposomes as very few excipients, there is no interaction between the drug and polymer. Liposomes are least toxic. Thus because of these many advantages, it is considered as one of the best NDDS. But it also has a number of limitations.

Green chemistry is not a new branch of science. It is a new philosophical approach that through application and extension of the principles of green chemistry can contribute to sustainable development. Presently it is easy to find in the literature many interesting examples of the use of green chemistry rules. They are applied not only in synthesis, processing and using of chemical compounds. Many new analytical methodologies are also described which are realized according to green chemistry rules. They are useful in conducting chemical processes and in evaluation of their effects on the environment. Great efforts are still undertaken to design an ideal process that starts from non-polluting initial materials, leads to no secondary products and requires no solvents to carry out the chemical conversion or to isolate and purify the product.

Disease models such as the oncomouse and the Alzheimer's mouse have been hugely influential in the body of support for transgenic animals as they exhibit the most important of potential human benefits: aiding our understanding and treating life threatening illness. The use of animals for testing treatments is necessary because of the ethical gulf which prevents us from performing initial tests on humans. Biopharming represent another means of improving the human condition by producing human proteins in their milk, blood or eggs. The resultant protein can then be purified and used to treat medical needs. we focused on the ethics of making and using transgenic animals as per CCAC, with pros and cons for each category. Is says also that the given 'three Rs' should be followed as possible. The most obvious benefit to humans is from continued research using disease models, but when people claim that animal suffering, "playing God," and destroying the animal's integrity are unethical in the use of transgenic.

Endosseous dental implants have revolutionized the fields of implants and periodontics. During the last decade, a great deal of information has been generatedconcerning the effectiveness and predictability of endosseous implants. Implant placement is a viable option in the treatment of partial and full edentulism and has become an integral facet of periodontal therapy. The available implants are remarkably successful. However, there is no one ideal implant system. The following areas need further study: edentulous sites with inadequate bone for endosseous implants, splinting of implants to natural teeth, long-term effects of microbial and occlusal stresses, the prevention and treatment of peri-implant infection and disease, effects of implants on alveolar ridge maintenance, and routine maintenance protocols. Research on implant design for narrow ridges and atrophic jaws is ongoing, and the clinical efficacy of localized ridge augmentation and sinus floor grafts is being investigated. An area of research with future clinical significance is the use of growth factors and osteoinductive substances which may be applied locally or incorporated into the implant's surface.