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Cancer is a major public health problem. Statistics for cancer in
India revealed that one in every 12 women and one in every 12 men
up to 64 years of age are expected to get some form of cancer in
their lifetimes. Cancer incidence in India is rising steadily with
800,000 new cases predicted in 2001.The WHO estimates that 6
million people worldwide die annually from cancer. Cancer incidence
in Indian men is about half to one third of the incidence recorded
in USA and Europe. Incidence rates in Indian women are about half
of that experience of USA and European women. The estimated number
of new cancer cases for year 1992 was 644,600 and during the year
2001, which was about 806,000 cases. Now the survival rate of
cancer is increasing steadily. By the 1930s, only one out of five
cancer patients survived five or more years after treatment and
were considered cured. Now the survival rate has improved and
fiveyear survival from all cancer is almost 62% and excluding lung
cancer it is 69%.
Protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) play an essential role in the
intracellular mitogenic signaling mechanism. In fact, many growth
factor receptors themselves have intrinsic PTK activity, as
evidenced by the cases of epidermal growth factor (EGF), nerve
growth factor (NGF) and stem cell factor (SCF) receptors. In
contrast to these receptor-type PTKs, many PTKs do not have a
transmembrane domain in their structure. These are designated as
non-receptor-type PTKs or cytoplasmic PTKs. Non-receptor PTKs can
be further subdivided into a number of sub- families, one of which
is the Tec family. The Tec family consists of five members, namely
Tec, Btk, Itk/Emt/Tsk, Bmx and Txk/Rlk. Many members of this family
are abundantly expressed in hematopoietic tissues, where they are
presumed to function in the growth, differentiation or both
processes of blood cells. This hypothesis is strengthened by the
fact that the Btk kinase molecule is responsible for X
chromosome-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) in humans and X
chromosome-linked immunodeficiency (Xid) in mice.
Amnesia is a condition in which memory is disturbed or lost. Memory
in this context refers either to stored memories or to the process
of committing something to memory. The causes of amnesia have
traditionally been divided into the "organic" or the "functional."
Organic causes may include brain damage through injury, or the use
of specific drugs - usually sedative drugs. Amnesia may be one of
the symptoms of some degenerative brain diseases, such as
Alzheimer's disease. Functional causes are psychological factors,
such as defense mechanisms. People with amnesia also find it hard
to imagine the future, because our constructions of future
scenarios are closely linked to our recollections of past
experiences. Researchers from Washington University in St. Louis
used advanced brain imaging techniques to show that remembering the
past and envisioning the future may go hand-in-hand, with each
process sparking strikingly similar patterns of activity within
precisely the same broad network of broad region.
It was first described by Alois Alzheimer in 1906. At a scientific
meeting in November 1906, German physician Alois Alzheimer
presented the case of "Frau Auguste D.," a 51-year-old woman
brought to see him in 1901 by her family. Auguste had developed
problems with memory, unfounded suspicions that her husband was
unfaithful, and difficulty speaking and understanding what was said
to her. Her symptoms rapidly grew worse, and within a few years she
was bedridden. She died in spring 1906.Dr. Alzheimer had never
before seen anyone like Auguste D., and he gained the family's
permission to perform an autopsy. In Auguste's brain, he saw
dramatic shrinkage, especially of the cortex, the outer layer
involved in memory, thinking, judgment and speech. Under the
microscope, he also saw widespread fatty deposits in small blood
vessels, dead and dying brain cells, and abnormal deposits in and
around cells. The condition entered the medical literature in 1907,
when Alzheimer published his observations about Auguste D. In 1910,
Emil Kraepelin, a psychiatrist noted for his work in naming and
classifying brain disorders, proposed that the disease be named
after Alzheimer.
Good Clinical Practice (GCP) is an international quality standard
that is provided by International Conference on Harmonization
(ICH), an international body that defines standards, which
governments can transpose into regulations for clinical trials
involving human subjects. "Good Clinical Practice (GCP) is defined
as a' standard for the design, conduct, performance, monitoring,
auditing, recording, analyses and reporting of clinical trials that
provides assurance that the data and reported results are credible
and accurate, and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of
trial subjects are protected." "Good Clinical Practice (GCP) is an
international ethical and scientific quality standard for
designing, conducting, recording and reporting trials that involve
the participation of human subjects. Compliance with this standard
provides public assurance that the rights, safety and well-being of
trial subjects are protected; consistent with the principles that
have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki, and that the
clinical trial data are credible."
The more technical linguistic sense of the term "yoga," describing
a system of meditation or contemplation with the aim of the
cessation of mental activity and the attaining of a "supreme state"
arises with early Buddhism. In Hindu scripture, this sense of the
term "yoga" first appears in the middle Upanishads, such as the
Katha Upanishad. Shvetashvatara Upanishad mentions, "When earth,
water, fire, air and akasa arise, when the five attributes of the
elements, mentioned in the books on yoga, become manifest then the
yogi's body becomes purified by the fire of yoga and he is free
from illness, old age, and death." (Verse 2.12) More importantly in
the following verse it mentions, the "precursors of perfection in
yoga," namely lightness and healthiness of the body, absence of
desire, clear complexion, pleasantness of voice, sweet odour and
slight excretions.
An analytical method transfer is a complete process that consists
in transferring a validated analytical method from a sending
laboratory (called sender) to a receiving laboratory (called
receiver) after having experimentally demonstrated that it also
masters the method. The process for the transfer of analytical
methodology is, on the surface, a relatively simple operation. In
its most common form, analytical method transfer is the
verification that a method or test procedure works in an equivalent
fashion at two or more different sites or laboratories and meets
all acceptance criteria. This process is driven by compliance and
governed by a statistical treatment of the resulting data.
McGonigle defined Method transfer as "the introduction of a
validated method into a designated laboratory so that it can be
used in the same capacity for which it was originally developed."
The transfer of a method from a laboratory to a production site is
an important step in the development cycle of new pharmaceutical
products.
Green chemistry is not a new branch of science. It is a new
philosophical approach that through application and extension of
the principles of green chemistry can contribute to sustainable
development. Presently it is easy to find in the literature many
interesting examples of the use of green chemistry rules. They are
applied not only in synthesis, processing and using of chemical
compounds. Many new analytical methodologies are also described
which are realized according to green chemistry rules. They are
useful in conducting chemical processes and in evaluation of their
effects on the environment. Great efforts are still undertaken to
design an ideal process that starts from non-polluting initial
materials, leads to no secondary products and requires no solvents
to carry out the chemical conversion or to isolate and purify the
product.
Disease models such as the oncomouse and the Alzheimer's mouse have
been hugely influential in the body of support for transgenic
animals as they exhibit the most important of potential human
benefits: aiding our understanding and treating life threatening
illness. The use of animals for testing treatments is necessary
because of the ethical gulf which prevents us from performing
initial tests on humans. Biopharming represent another means of
improving the human condition by producing human proteins in their
milk, blood or eggs. The resultant protein can then be purified and
used to treat medical needs. we focused on the ethics of making and
using transgenic animals as per CCAC, with pros and cons for each
category. Is says also that the given 'three Rs' should be followed
as possible. The most obvious benefit to humans is from continued
research using disease models, but when people claim that animal
suffering, "playing God," and destroying the animal's integrity are
unethical in the use of transgenic.
Endosseous dental implants have revolutionized the fields of
implants and periodontics. During the last decade, a great deal of
information has been generatedconcerning the effectiveness and
predictability of endosseous implants. Implant placement is a
viable option in the treatment of partial and full edentulism and
has become an integral facet of periodontal therapy. The available
implants are remarkably successful. However, there is no one ideal
implant system. The following areas need further study: edentulous
sites with inadequate bone for endosseous implants, splinting of
implants to natural teeth, long-term effects of microbial and
occlusal stresses, the prevention and treatment of peri-implant
infection and disease, effects of implants on alveolar ridge
maintenance, and routine maintenance protocols. Research on implant
design for narrow ridges and atrophic jaws is ongoing, and the
clinical efficacy of localized ridge augmentation and sinus floor
grafts is being investigated. An area of research with future
clinical significance is the use of growth factors and
osteoinductive substances which may be applied locally or
incorporated into the implant's surface.
Hyperlipidemia, also called hypercholesterolemia or High
cholesterol is the condition in which there is increase in the
concentration of cholesterol and/or triglycerides carrying
lipoproteins in plasma. It is the condition indicating increase in
lipid level. Both these conditions may cause narrowing and
hardening of the arteries, i.e.atherosclerosis. Thus hyperlipidemia
is one of the leading cause of ischemic heart disease, myocardial
infarction and cerebral vascular accidents. More than 650,000
people die every year of coronary heart disease (CHD) in the US
alone. In 1984 it was demonstrated for the first time that there
exists a link between serum cholesterol levels and risk to CHD. A
1% drop in serum cholesterol reduces the risk for CHD by 2%.
Positive risk factors for CHD include Age (men35 mg/dl); obesity (
Conventional drug delivery system were used for long time.Drug was
usually administered in forms such as tablet, capsule, emulsion,
suspension etc but administering drug using these conventional
dosage form encountered a number of problems.The problems were
mainly regarding poor distribution, stability, site delivery etc.
most of these problems were solved by using Novel drug delivery
system(NDDS). Liposome is one amongst those drug delivery
system.With the help of liposomes it was possible to deliver the
drug in a controlled manner. Drugs included in the liposomes
directly reached to the site of action. With the help of liposomes
it was possible to protect the physical and chemical degration.
Hydrophillic as well as lipophillic drug could be administered with
the help of liposome formulation. Liposomes are long circulating
forms and thus it is possible to administer the drug with a
sustained release profile. In liposomes as very few excipients,
there is no interaction between the drug and polymer. Liposomes are
least toxic. Thus because of these many advantages, it is
considered as one of the best NDDS. But it also has a number of
limitations.
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