This book presents select proceedings of the International Virtual Conference on Trends in Hydrological and Environmental Systems (ITHES 2021). Various topics covered in this book include urban hydrology, hydrological extremes, statistical analysis of hydro-meteorological data, impacts of climate change, hydrological modelling, groundwater studies, water resource management and applications of RS & GIS in hydrology. The book also discusses various topics on applications of CFD in water resources and environmental engineering, water and wastewater treatment, solid waste management and air quality. The book will be a valuable reference for beginners, researchers, and professionals interested in environmental civil engineering, especially hydrological and environmental systems.

The suspension systems of automobiles, trucks, motorcycles and many other vehicles customarily have passive hydraulic "shock absorber" or damper assemblies connected in parallel with springs between the vehicle frame and axle components to minimize motion of the vehicle frames and to thereby enhance the riding comfort, stability and/or safety of the vehicles. To overcome the limitations of conventional shock absorbers for vehicle dynamics, passive dampers are being increasingly replaced by adjustable dampers. Electrorheological (ER) and Magnetorheological (MR) fluids experience changes in rheological properties (yield stress, plasticity, and elasticity) when they are subjected to an applied electric or magnetic field respectively. The designed ER fluid damper makes use of the ER-effect in compression and rebound. In this work, an attempt is made to design, develop & test the smart fluid damper, particularly ER Fluid damper, for road vehicle suspension system which will give the advantages over the conventional shock absorbers.