In this volume a range of authors from different international contexts argue that the notion of communicative competence in English, hitherto largely referenced to metropolitan native-speaker norms, has to be expanded to take account of diverse contexts of use for a variety of purposes. It also discusses the popular belief that language and literacy should simply be regarded as a technical 'skill' which confers universal benefits and that it should be replaced with a social practice view that recognises situated variations and diversity. This volume, we believe, provides a reference point for extended research and practice in these areas that will be of interest to wide range of people engaged in language and literacy education.

This book looks at the role of cultural studies and intercultural communication in language learning. The book argues that learners who have an opportunity to stay in the target language country can be trained to do an ethnographic project while abroad. Borrowing from anthropologists' the idea of cultural fieldwork and 'writing culture', language learners develop their linguistic and cultural competence through the study of a local group. This book combines a theoretical overview of language and cultural practices with a description of ethnographic approaches and materials specifically designed for language learners.

Learning takes place both inside and outside of the classroom, embedded in local practices, traditions and interactions. But whereas the importance of social practice is increasingly recognised in literacy education, Numeracy as Social Practice: Global and Local Perspectives is the first book to fully explore these principles in the context of numeracy. The book brings together a wide range of accounts and studies from around the world to build a picture of the challenges and benefits of seeing numeracy as social practice that is, as mathematical activities embedded in the social, cultural, historical and political contexts in which these activities take place. Drawing on workplace, community and classroom contexts, Numeracy as Social Practice shows how everyday numeracy practices can be used in formal and non-formal maths teaching and how, in turn, classroom teaching can help to validate and strengthen local numeracy practices. At a time when an increasingly transnational approach is taken to education policy making, this book will appeal to development practitioners and researchers, and adult education, mathematics and numeracy teachers, researchers and policy makers around the world.

Social Literacies develops new and critical approaches to the understanding of literacy in an international perspective. It represents part of the current trend towards a broader consideration of literacy as social practices, and as its title suggests, it focuses on the social nature of reading and writing and the multiple character of literacy practices.

Latin American Literacy and Numeracy Studies (LALNS) are fairly unknown in other parts of the world. This book charts new directions in LALNS and explores the relationship between these studies and international perspectives. Calling upon social practice approaches, New Literacy Studies, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis and other paradigms, the contributors identify both convergent and divergent literacy and numeracy issues within the region as well as beyond the Latin American context. Literacy and Numeracy in Latin America moves the field forward by bringing LALNS into wider focus and helping readers to understand the synergy with work from other perspectives and from other parts of the world and the implications for theory and practice. A lack of translated work until now between Latin America and, in particular, the UK, US, and Europe, has meant that such important overlaps between areas of study have gone unappreciated. In this way this volume is the first of its kind, a significant and original contribution to the field.

Latin American Literacy and Numeracy Studies (LALNS) are fairly unknown in other parts of the world. This book charts new directions in LALNS and explores the relationship between these studies and international perspectives. Calling upon social practice approaches, New Literacy Studies, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis and other paradigms, the contributors identify both convergent and divergent literacy and numeracy issues within the region as well as beyond the Latin American context. Literacy and Numeracy in Latin America moves the field forward by bringing LALNS into wider focus and helping readers to understand the synergy with work from other perspectives and from other parts of the world and the implications for theory and practice. A lack of translated work until now between Latin America and, in particular, the UK, US, and Europe, has meant that such important overlaps between areas of study have gone unappreciated. In this way this volume is the first of its kind, a significant and original contribution to the field.

This frontline volume contributes to the social study of education in general and literacy in particular by bringing together in a new way the traditions of language, ethnography, and education. Integrating New Literacy Studies and Bourdieusian sociology with ethnographic approaches to the study of classroom practice, it offers an original and useful reference point for scholars and students of education, language, and literacy wishing to incorporate Bourdieu's ideas into their work. More than just a set of stand-alone chapters around social perspectives on language interactions in classrooms, this book develops and unfolds dialogically across three sections: Bridging New Literacy Studies and Bourdieu - Principles; Language, Ethnography and Education - Practical Studies; Working at the Intersections - In Theory and Practice. The authors posit 'Classroom Language Ethnography' as a genuinely new perspective with rich and developed traditions behind it, but distinct from conventional approaches to literacy and education - an approach that bridges those traditions to yield fresh insights on literacy in all its manifestations, thereby providing a pathway to more robust research on language in education.

This frontline volume contributes to the social study of education in general and literacy in particular by bringing together in a new way the traditions of language, ethnography, and education. Integrating New Literacy Studies and Bourdieusian sociology with ethnographic approaches to the study of classroom practice, it offers an original and useful reference point for scholars and students of education, language, and literacy wishing to incorporate Bourdieu's ideas into their work. More than just a set of stand-alone chapters around social perspectives on language interactions in classrooms, this book develops and unfolds dialogically across three sections: Bridging New Literacy Studies and Bourdieu - Principles; Language, Ethnography and Education - Practical Studies; Working at the Intersections - In Theory and Practice. The authors posit 'Classroom Language Ethnography' as a genuinely new perspective with rich and developed traditions behind it, but distinct from conventional approaches to literacy and education - an approach that bridges those traditions to yield fresh insights on literacy in all its manifestations, thereby providing a pathway to more robust research on language in education.

Literacy and Development is a collection of case studies of literacy projects around the world.
The contributors present their in-depth studies of everyday uses and meanings of literacy and of the literacy programmes that have been developed to enhance them. Arguing that ethnographic research can and should inform literacy policy in developing countries, the book extends current theory and itself contributes to policy making and programme building.
A large cross-section of society is covered, with chapters on Women's literacy in Pakistan, Ghana, and rural Mali, literacy in an Iranian village and an 'Older Peoples' Literacy Project
This international collection includes case studies from: Peru, Pakistan, India, South Africa, Bangladesh, Mali, Nepal, Iran, Eritrea, Ghana.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203468414

Literacy and Development is a collection of case studies of literacy projects around the world.
The contributors present their in-depth studies of everyday uses and meanings of literacy and of the literacy programmes that have been developed to enhance them. Arguing that ethnographic research can and should inform literacy policy in developing countries, the book extends current theory and itself contributes to policy making and programme building.
A large cross-section of society is covered, with chapters on Women's literacy in Pakistan, Ghana, and Rural Mali, literacy in village Iran, and an 'Older Peoples' Literacy Project.
This international collection includes case studies from: Peru, Pakistan, India, South Africa, Bangladesh, Mali, Nepal, Iran, Eritrea, Ghana.

First published in 1975, this study is concerned with the representation of non-European people in English popular fiction in the period from 1858-1920. It examines the developments in thinking about people across the world and shows how they affected writers' views of evolution, race, heredity and of the life of the so-called 'primitive' man. This book will be of interest to those studying 19th century literature.

First published in 1975, this study is concerned with the representation of non-European people in English popular fiction in the period from 1858-1920. It examines the developments in thinking about people across the world and shows how they affected writers' views of evolution, race, heredity and of the life of the so-called 'primitive' man. This book will be of interest to those studying 19th century literature.

Abstract. This introduction sets the scene for the remainder of the book by considering first the international context of widespread concern about the improvement of numeracy skills. This is related to reform movements in the UK, the US and other countries aimed at modernising primary (elementary) school mathematics curricula. A detailed account is given of the National Numeracy Strategy in England, a systemic government-imposed response to concern about standards implemented in 1999/2000. This includes a discussion of the alternative meanings of numeracy. An earlier initiative sponsored by a UK charitable trust reacting to concern about primary numeracy was the Leverhulme Numeracy Research Programme. This large-scale longitudinal study and linked set of case-study projects, focusing on reasons for low attainment, took place during 1997-2002. This book, and each other in the same series, is based on results of that research. The timescale fortuitously enabled the research team to also report on some effects of the systemic reform in the National Numeracy Strategy. 1. THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT In many countries, there are recurring periods of national concern about the low standards of calculation skills shown by children in primary (elementary) schools. Recently these concerns have become more urgent and more political with the publication of international comparisons of mathematical achievement, first at secondary and more recently at primary level (e. g. Lapointe, Mead et al. 1992; Mullis et al. , 1997).

English is now a global phenomenon no longer defined by fixed territorial, cultural and social functions. "The Routledge Companion to English Studies" provides an authoritative overview of the subject area. Taking into account the changing conceptualisations of English, this Companion considers both historical trajectories and contemporary perspectives whilst also showcasing the state-of-the-art contributions made by the established scholars of the field.

"The Routledge Companion to English Studies:

• "provides a set of broad perspectives on English as a subject of study and research
• highlights the importance of the link between English and other languages within the concepts of multilingualism and polylingualism
• investigates the use of language in communication through the medium of digital technology covering key issues such as Digital Literacies, Multimodal Literacies and Games and Broadcast Language
• explores the role of English in education taking account of social, ethnographic and global perspectives on pedagogical issues.

This collection of thirty-four newly commissioned articles provides a comprehensive and up-to-date picture of the dynamic and diverse field of English Studies and will be an invaluable text for advanced students and researchers in this area."

Literacy is the second volume of the Encyclopedia of Language and Education, the first attempt to overview an area which has emerged as a coherent and exciting field of study in the last two decades. While forming part of a series of ten volumes, Literacy also stands on its own, drawing on some state-of-the-art reviews of current concerns in the study of literacy prepared by leading writers and researchers. The book is organised in three main sections: Literacies and Social Theory, Literacies and Social Institutions and Living Literacies - Social and Cultural Experience. The approach is multidisciplinary, drawing on insights from fields as diverse as anthropology and computer science, sociolinguistics and psychology. The international flavour of the volume is reflected not only in the choice of contributors from nine different countries but also in the emphasis throughout on the impact of globalization on our understanding of literacy.

English is now a global phenomenon no longer defined by fixed territorial, cultural and social functions. The Routledge Companion to English Studies provides an authoritative overview of the subject area. Taking into account the changing conceptualisations of English, this companion considers both historical trajectories and contemporary perspectives while also showcasing the state-of-the-art contributions made by the established scholars of the field. The Routledge Companion to English Studies: provides a set of broad perspectives on English as a subject of study and research; highlights the importance of the link between English and other languages within the concepts of multilingualism and polylingualism; investigates the use of language in communication through the medium of digital technology, covering key issues such as digital literacies, multimodal literacies, and games and broadcast language; explores the role of English in education, taking account of social, ethnographic and global perspectives on pedagogical issues. This collection of 34 newly commissioned articles provides a comprehensive and up-to-date picture of the dynamic and diverse field of English studies and will be an invaluable text for advanced students and researchers in this area.

Learning takes place both inside and outside of the classroom, embedded in local practices, traditions and interactions. But whereas the importance of social practice is increasingly recognised in literacy education, Numeracy as Social Practice: Global and Local Perspectives is the first book to fully explore these principles in the context of numeracy. The book brings together a wide range of accounts and studies from around the world to build a picture of the challenges and benefits of seeing numeracy as social practice that is, as mathematical activities embedded in the social, cultural, historical and political contexts in which these activities take place. Drawing on workplace, community and classroom contexts, Numeracy as Social Practice shows how everyday numeracy practices can be used in formal and non-formal maths teaching and how, in turn, classroom teaching can help to validate and strengthen local numeracy practices. At a time when an increasingly transnational approach is taken to education policy making, this book will appeal to development practitioners and researchers, and adult education, mathematics and numeracy teachers, researchers and policy makers around the world.

Literacy is a comprehensive resource book which provides students and researchers with support for advanced study of the topic. It introduces readers to a broad range of approaches to understanding literacy in educational contexts and in society.

Literacy:

• introduces key concepts and establishes the key terms, extending readers' techniques of analysis through practical application.
• brings together influential articles, sets them in context and discusses their contribution to the field. These core readings are all fully annotated.
• includes readings by David Barton, Norman Fairclough, James Paul Gee, Roger Fowler, Gunther Kress and Jay Lemke
• includes further sample material and activities that enable readers to engage more actively with the subject matter and encourages them to develop their own responses.

Written by a leader in the field, this book covers the key themes in the discipline, including Acquisition of Literacy, 'Academic Literacy' in Higher Education, Workplace Literacies, Literacy and Schooling and Multimodality.

Literacy is a comprehensive textbook which provides students and researchers with support for advanced study of the topic. It introduces readers to a broad range of approaches to understanding literacy in educational contexts and in society.

Literacy:

• integrates psychological, educational and anthropological approaches to literacy and its consequences for individuals and society
• gathers together influential readings from key names in this inter-disciplinary field, including: Catherine Snow, David Olson, and Mike Cole
• presents teachers, students and researchers with many diverse opportunities to explore for themselves a broad range of perspectives and methods of study.

Written by experienced teachers and researchers in the field, Literacy is an essential textbook for students and researchers of Applied Linguistics.

Social Literacies develops new and critical approaches to the understanding of literacy in an international perspective. It represents part of the current trend towards a broader consideration of literacy as social practices, and as its title suggests, it focuses on the social nature of reading and writing and the multiple character of literacy practices.

Abstract. This introduction sets the scene for the remainder of the book by considering first the international context of widespread concern about the improvement of numeracy skills. This is related to reform movements in the UK, the US and other countries aimed at modernising primary (elementary) school mathematics curricula. A detailed account is given of the National Numeracy Strategy in England, a systemic government-imposed response to concern about standards implemented in 1999/2000. This includes a discussion of the alternative meanings of numeracy. An earlier initiative sponsored by a UK charitable trust reacting to concern about primary numeracy was the Leverhulme Numeracy Research Programme. This large-scale longitudinal study and linked set of case-study projects, focusing on reasons for low attainment, took place during 1997-2002. This book, and each other in the same series, is based on results of that research. The timescale fortuitously enabled the research team to also report on some effects of the systemic reform in the National Numeracy Strategy. 1. THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT In many countries, there are recurring periods of national concern about the low standards of calculation skills shown by children in primary (elementary) schools. Recently these concerns have become more urgent and more political with the publication of international comparisons of mathematical achievement, first at secondary and more recently at primary level (e. g. Lapointe, Mead et al. 1992; Mullis et al. , 1997).

Offers a detailed examination of theories about literacy developed by different academic disciplines and proposes an "ideological" model of literacy. Looks at contemporary literacy practices in the third world and Britain and, in particular, the literacy campaigns conducted by UNESCO.

Cross-Cultural Approaches to Literacy, investigates the meanings and uses of literacy in different cultures and societies. In contrast to previous studies, where the focus of research has been on aspects of cognition, education and on the economic 'consequences' of literacy, these largely ethnographic essays bring together anthropological and linguistic work written over the last ten years. Accounts of literacy practices in a variety of locations, including Great Britain, the United States, Africa, the South Pacific and Madagascar, illustrate how these practices vary from one context to another, and challenge the traditional view that literacy is a single, uniform skill, essential to functioning in a modern society.

Brian Street's volume investigates the meanings and uses of literacy in different cultures and societies. These largely ethnographic essays bring together anthropological and linguistic work written over the past ten years by anthropologists and sociolinguists. Accounts of literacy practices vary from one context to another, and challenge the view that literacy is a single, uniform skill, essential to functioning in a modern society. The conclusions reached will be crucial for future researchers, and of interest to educators, developers and practitioners in the field.

This book looks at the role of cultural studies and intercultural communication in language learning. The book argues that learners who have an opportunity to stay in the target language country can be trained to do an ethnographic project while abroad. Borrowing from anthropologists' the idea of cultural fieldwork and 'writing culture', language learners develop their linguistic and cultural competence through the study of a local group. This book combines a theoretical overview of language and cultural practices with a description of ethnographic approaches and materials specifically designed for language learners.