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This latest volume continues the series' focus on critical reviews,
commentaries, original papers, and controversies in the field of
evolutionary biology.
Presents detailed discussions on the systematic, ecological, and
evolutionary implications of the pollination of terrestrial orchids
of Southern Australia and the Mediterranean; variation and
diversity in deep-sea echinoids; the molecular evolution of the
alcohol dehydrogenase genes in Drosophila;
Evolutionary Biology celebrates its Quarter-Century Anniversary!
'Evolutionary Biology occupies a unique and valuable place in the
evolutionary literature...The editors are to be congratulated on
their continuing ability to attract interesting articles.' --- The
Journal of Evolutionary Biology
After volume 33, this book series was replaced by the journal
"Evolutionary Biology." Please visit www.springer.com/11692 for
further information. This latest volume continues the series' focus
on critical reviews, commentaries, original papers, and
controversies in the field of evolutionary biology.
Fifteen volumes and one supplement have now appeared in the series
known as Evolutionary Biology. The editors continue to seek
critical reviews, original papers, and commentaries on
controversial topics. It is our aim to publish papers primarily of
greater length and depth than those normally published by society
journals and quarterlies. The editors make every attempt to solicit
manuscripts on an international scale and to see that no facet of
evolutionary biology-classical or modern-is slighted. Manuscripts
should be sent to anyone of the following: Max K. Hecht, Department
of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York,
Flushing, New York 11367; Bruce Wallace, Department of Biology,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg,
Virginia 24061; Ghillean T. Prance, New York Botanical Garden,
Bronx, New York 10458. The Editors vII Contents 1. Patterns of
Neotropical Plant Species Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 1 Alwyn H. Gentry Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Sites and Methods . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Sample Sites . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Identifications .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Results . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 21 Structural Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 29 Community Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Floristic
Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Dispersal Ecology
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Pollination
Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Conclusion . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Appendix. Sites and Communities Studied . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 50 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 2. Evolution on a Petri
Dish: The Evolved fJ-Galactosidase System as a Model for Studying
Acquisitive Evolution in the Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
**. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Barry G. Hall
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 85 Approaches to Molecular Evolution . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 The
Descriptive Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 The Experimental
Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Mechanisms for the Acquisition of New
Genetic Material. . . . . 97 The EBG System a s a Model for
Acquisitive Evolution . . . . . . . 98 The Unevolved Enzyme . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Evolutionary Biology, of which this is the twenty-second volume,
continues to offer its readers a wide range of original articles,
reviews, and commentaries on evolution, in the broadest sense of
that term. The topics of the reviews range from anthropology,
molecular evolution, and paleobiology to principles of systematics.
In recent volumes, a broad spectrum of articles have appeared on
such subjects as asymmetric sexual isolation, biochemical
systematics in plants, species selection, DNA hybridization and
phylogenetics, modes of evolution in Pleistocene rodents, and
development and evolution of the vertebrate limb. We have also
attempted to provide a forum for con flicting ideas. Articles such
as these, often too long for standard journals, are the material
for Evolutionary Biology. The editors continue to solicit
manuscripts on an international scale in an effort to see that
everyone ofthe many facets of biological evolution is covered.
Manuscripts should be sent to anyone of the following: Max K.
Hecht, Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University
of New York, Flushing, New York 11367; Bruce Wallace, Department of
Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blacks burg, Virginia 24061; GhilleanT. Prance, New York Botanical
Garden, Bronx, New York 10458. The Editors vii Contents 1.
Phylogeny of Early Vertebrate Skeletal Induction and Ossification
Patterns ....................................... 1 John G. Maisey
Introduction: The Fossil Record.. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. 1 .."
Evolutionary Biology,ofwhichthisisthetwenty-thirdvolume,continues
toofferitsreadersawiderangeoforiginalarticles,reviews,andcom-
mentariesonevolution,inthebroadestsenseofthatterm. Thetopicsof
thereviewsrangefromanthropology,molecularevolution,andpaleo-
biologytoprinciplesofsystematics.
Inrecentvolumes,abroadspectrumofarticleshaveappearedon
suchsubjectsasbiochemicalsystematics,comparativemorphologyand
embryology,evolutionaryecology,biogeography,andpaleobiology. We
havealsoattemptedtoprovideaforumforconflictingideas. Articlessuch
asthese,oftentoolongforstandardjournals,arethematerialfor Evo-
lutionary Biology.
Theeditorscontinuetosolicitmanuscriptsonaninternationalscale
inanefforttoseethateveryoneofthemanyfacetsofbiologicalevolution
iscovered. Manuscriptsshouldbesenttoeitherofthefollowing:Max K.
Hecht,DepartmentofBiology,QueensCollegeoftheCityUniversity
ofNewYork,Flushing,NewYork11367,orBruceWallace,Department
ofBiology,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,Blacks-
burg,Virginia24061. TheeditorswishtocongratulateDr. GhilleanT.
Pranceonhisnew
appointmentatKewBotanicalGardensandthankhimforhiscollabo-
rativeeffortsineditingthepastninevolumes. TheEditors vII Contents
1. MaintenanceofaHereditaryVirus:TheSigmaVirusin
PopulationsofItsHost, Drosophila melanogaster 1 Annie Fleuriet
Introduction 1 FrenchPopulationsof Drosophila melanogaster...2
PolymorphismofPopulations 2
CharacteristicsofWildStrainsoftheSigmaVirus 3
EffectsoftheInfectionuponCarriers...7 ExperimentalPopulations...9
MaintenanceoftheVirusinFrenchNaturalPopulations...12
GeographicalVariationofthe Drosophila-SigmaSystem 14
PolymorphismofPopulations 14 ViralCharacteristics...17
TentativeInterpretationoftheGeographicalPatternObserved 18
OtherSystemsofVerticallyTransmittedViruses 22
ExistenceofDifferentSensitivitiestotheVirus 22
CharacteristicsoftheViruses...23 MaintenanceintheVectorPopulation
24 Appendix:TransmissionofStabilizedandNonstabilized
Conditions...26
Self-MaintenanceofStabilizedConditionthroughMaternal Lineage...26
NonstabilizedCondition ...27 References 28 2.
Domestication:EvolutionaryChangeunderStress 31 M. J. Kohane and P.
A. Parsons Introduction 31 EnvironmentalChangeandDomestication 33
Ix x Contents EcologicalPhenotypes 33 BehavioralPhenotypes...36
AdaptationtoLaboratoryConditions...37
ACaseStudy:DomesticationinFoxes 41 Discussion...43 Summary...45
References 46 3.
RangeExpansionandItsGeneticConsequencesinPopulationsof
theGiantToad, Bufo marinus...49 Simon Easteal Introduction 49
TheSpreadof Bufo marinus 50 TheIntroductions...50
TheAustralianRangeExpansion 52
GeneticVariationintheIntroducedPopulations...58 TheData...58
GeneticVariability...58 EffectivePopulationSize 62
Dispersal,GeneFlow,andNeighborhoodSize 63
TheGeneticEffectsofRangeExpansion 64
GeographicalPatternsofVariation 74 Conclusion 81 References 82 4.
EvolutionbySocialSelection...85 Shozo Yokoyama Introduction 85
ConceptofSocialSelection...86 EvidenceforSocialSelection;...88
MultipleNeurofibromatosis 88 HuntingtonDisease 89
MentalRetardation...90 Schizophrenia 91 SocialSelectionModels...91
AutosomalGenes...92 Contents xl X-LinkedGenes...103
RandomGeneticDriftandVariableSelectionIntensity...112
MaternalEffects 115 DNAPolymorphismandSocialSelection...117
Discussion...118 Summary...121 References 122 5.
TheInfluenceofTaxonomicMethodonthePerceptionofPatterns
ofEvolution...-...127 Andrew B. Smith and Colin Patterson
Introduction 127 TheNatureofTaxa...129
WhyNonmonophyleticGroupsAreNotRealTaxa 131
ParaphyleticTaxaasNaturalAdaptivelyUnifiedGroups. , 131
NonmonophyleticGroupsasValidSamplesof Species-LevelProcesses...132
TheRedQueenHypothesis 134
TaxonDurationIsProportionaltotheNumberofSpecies IncludedintheTaxon
135 TaxonomicExtinctionsunderConsiderationAreLargely Artefactual
139 TheRedQueenasSystematist:TheProbabilityThata
TaxonomistWillSplitaGroupIsInverselyProportional
totheNumberofSpeciesinThatGroup 142
DecreaseinExtinctionRatethroughTime 142 PeriodicityofExtinction 143
GenericDataandLagerstatten 147 SpeciesDiversity 148
WhatDoFossilSpeciesSample? 152 AnalysisofGaps 153 Summary...
This Is A New Release Of The Original 1918 Edition.
This Is A New Release Of The Original 1919 Edition.
This Is A New Release Of The Original 1918 Edition.
This Is A New Release Of The Original 1919 Edition.
1918. Partial Contents: The Refining; He Made Darkness His Hiding
Place; Heaven is Harmony; The Coming Race; Hail, Mary; The Cleansed
Temple; The Evolving Consciousness; The Soul's Warfare; Intuition;
That I may Attain; The Darkness that Precedes the Dawn; The Wings
of the Soul India, etc.
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