The Herxheim enclosure, located in the German region of Palatinate, is one of the major discoveries of the last two decades regarding the Linear Pottery Culture, and probably one of the most significant in advancing understanding of how this culture ended. The spectacular deposits, mostly composed of human remains, recovered on the occasion of the two excavation campaigns carried out on the site, grabbed people's attention and at the same time raised several questions regarding their interpretation, which had so far mostly hesitated between peculiar funerary practices, war and cannibalism. The authors provide here the first extensive study of the human remains found at Herxheim, focusing mainly on those recovered during the 2005-2010 excavation campaign. They first examine the field data in order to reconstruct at best the modalities of deposition of these remains. Next, from the quantitative analyses and those of the bone modifications, they describe the treatments of the dead, showing that they actually were the victims of cannibalistic practices. The nature of this cannibalism is then discussed on the basis of biological, palaeodemographic and isotopic studies, and concludes that an exocannibalism existed linked to armed violence. Finally, the human remains are placed in both their local and chronocultural contexts, and a general interpretation is proposed of the events that unfolded in Herxheim and of the reasons for the social crisis at the end of the Linear Pottery culture in which they took place.

Placard is a major Upper Palaeolithic site in France, known from as early as the middle of the nineteenth century. Paradoxically, owing to the antiquity of the poorly-documented early excavations, dozens of thousands of remains that were uncovered then are either unpublished to this day, or have only been the subjects of limited and often obsolete studies. This is the case in particular for the human remains, for which, until recently, the cultural attribution was moreover still under debate. Dating makes it clear they belong to various periods, yet most of them form a homogeneous group remarkable by traces of a specific treatment. Thanks to radiocarbon dating and to data from further excavations carried out some thirty years ago, this group can be dated from the Badegoulian period. Les restes humains badegouliens de la Grotte du Placard presents a detailed study of the Badegoulian human remains. On the basis of quantification and bone modification analyses, they describe and identify the treatments of the dead. Whereas the general treatment pertains to the practice of cannibalism, more specific ones, focused on the head, can be explained by the crafting of trophies. On the whole, these treatments can be interpreted in a consistent manner by one or several episodes of armed conflicts, begging the question of the possible existence of warfare during the Upper Palaeolithic. Thus, despite the antiquity of the discovery, the Badegoulian human bones from le Placard still constitute a unique assemblage that contributes greatly to our knowledge of the behaviours of hunter-gatherer populations in European prehistory.

Papers on skull interpretations and related archaeological issues from a roundtable event organized by La Musee National de Prehistoire, Les Eyzies-de-Tayac (Dordogne, France), in October 2010. Contents : 1) Decapitation/decollation : une distinction justifiee ? (Bruno Boulestin et Dominique Henry-Gambier); 2) Tetes coupees, tetes-trophees. L'exemple de l'ile de Paques (Nicolas Cauwe); 3) Pourquoi couper des tetes ? (Alain Testart); 4) Quelques reflexions a propos des coupes craniennes prehistoriques (Bruno Boulestin); 5) Tetes coupees : donnees archeo-anthropologiques et lignee neandertalienne (Celimene Mussini et Bruno Maureille); 6) Les pratiques autour de la tete en Europe au Paleolithique superieur (Dominique Henry-Gambier et Aurelie Faucheux); 7) Ofnet et les depots de tetes dans le Mesolithique du sud-ouest de l'Allemagne (Christian Jeunesse); 8) Le crane mesolithique de l'abri du Mannlefelsen I a Oberlarg (Haut-Rhin) : etude des modifications osseuses (Bruno Boulestin et Dominique Henry-Gambier); 9) Apercu des pratiques autour de la tete du Neolithique au premier age du fer (Bruno Boulestin); 10) A propos des cranes decouverts dans les fosses d'enceinte de la culture de Michelsberg (Christian Jeunesse); 11) Du prix et des usages de la tete. Les donnees historiques sur la prise du crane en Gaule (Jean-Louis Brunaux); 12) Pratique des tetes coupees chez les Gaulois : les donnees archeologiques (Elisabeth Rousseau); 13) Acquisition, preparation et autres traitements de la tete chez les Gaulois : aspects anthropobiologiques (Bruno Boulestin et Henri Duday). French text.

Subtitled 'Le cas des Mesolithiques de la grotte des Perrats et le probleme du cannibalisme en prehistoire recente europeenne'. Bruno Boulestin studies the human remains from this Mesolithic site, especially looking for evidence of bone modification and cannibalism. The first section looks at materials, theories and methods of analysis, most notably the identification of evidence for cannibalistic activity. The second section analyses the evidence recovered from the site and makes a series of interpretations from an evaluation of the remains. With many illustrations.

The sites of Teviec and Hoedic, located in Brittany and excavated from 1928 to 1934 by Marthe and Saint-Just Pequart, have yielded twenty-odd graves dating to the end of the Mesolithic and containing almost forty individuals. Nearly a century later, they remain the most important funerary groups ever discovered in France for this period, and two major French Mesolithic sites. Until these days though, despite previous re-examinations of part of the unearthed material, no general review of the field data or of the human remains had ever been carried out, and all the debates concerning the functioning of both cemeteries relied on the interpretations once made by the Pequart and on the anthropological studies by Marcellin Boule and Henri Victor Vallois. This book presents the long lacking bioarchaeological review study of the Teviec and Hoedic graves: the field data have been reconsidered, relying in particular on a large series of pictures taken by the excavators, and the number of dead individuals, their age and sex have been reevaluated using anthropological techniques in accordance with our current knowledge. This review also gives us the occasion to carry out a global reflection on the circumstances under which the dead were grouped during the Mesolithic period and on the society of Atlantic Europe's last hunters-gatherers as perceived through the filter of their funerary practices.

Megalithic monuments from Neolithic Europe have long been considered as rough copies of the monumental architectures built by the first civilizations of the Near East and Eastern Mediterranean. When radiocarbon dating jeopardized this diffusionist pattern, though, specialists could not but wonder why and how these Neolithic societies, usually considered as small 'village communities', had erected such monuments. In order to answer these questions and seek explanations in the social, political or religious contexts of recent or present megalith-building societies, the ethnological frame of references has been referred to on a regular basis. This volume comprises the papers presented by prehistorians and ethnologists at the two multi-disciplinary round tables held in Strasburg in May 2014 and May 2015. Their purpose was, with the help of both case studies and more synthetic works, to discuss how the patterns drawn from the observation of 'living' megalithic societies have been used to try and shed light on the functioning of European Neolithic societies, the epistemological problems raised by this transposition and the relevance of ethnology-based archeological explanations. The book is composed of three sections: the first one deals with some methodological reflections, the second and third ones with the 'living' or recent megalithisms of respectively the Indonesian Archipelago and Ethiopia.