Enzyme-Based Organic Synthesis An insightful exploration of an increasingly popular technique in organic chemistry In Enzyme-Based Organic Synthesis, expert chemist Dr. Cheanyeh Cheng delivers a comprehensive discussion of the principles, methods, and applications of enzymatic and microbial processes for organic synthesis. The book thoroughly explores this growing area of green synthetic organic chemistry, both in the context of academic research and industrial practice. The distinguished author provides a single point of access for enzymatic methods applicable to organic synthesis and focuses on enzyme catalyzed organic synthesis with six different classes of enzyme. This book serves as a link between enzymology and biocatalysis and serves as an invaluable reference for the growing number of organic chemists using biocatalysis. Enzyme-Based Organic Synthesis provides readers with multiple examples of practical applications of the main enzyme classes relevant to the pharmaceutical, medical, food, cosmetics, fragrance, and health care industries. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to foundational topics, including the discovery and nature of enzymes, enzyme structure, catalytic function, molecular recognition, enzyme specificity, and enzyme classes Practical discussions of organic synthesis with oxidoreductases, including oxidation reactions and reduction reactions Comprehensive explorations of organic synthesis with transferases, including transamination with aminotransferases and phosphorylation with kinases In-depth examinations of organic synthesis with hydrolases, including the hydrolysis of the ester bond Perfect for organic synthetic chemists, chemical and biochemical engineers, biotechnologists, process chemists, and enzymologists, Enzyme-Based Organic Synthesis is also an indispensable resource for practitioners in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, and fragrance industries that regularly apply this type of synthesis.

Although computer technology has dramatically improved the analysis of complex transport phenomena, the methodology has yet to be effectively integrated into engineering curricula. The huge volume of literature associated with the wide variety of transport processes cannot be appreciated or mastered without using innovative tools to allow comprehension and study of these processes. Connecting basic principles with numerical methodology for solving the conservations laws, Computational Transport Phenomena for Engineering Analyses presents the topic in terms of modern engineering analysis. The book includes a production quality computer source code for expediting and illustrating analyses of mass, momentum, and energy transport.

The text covers transport phenomena with examples that extend from basic empirical analyses to complete numerical analyses. It includes a computational transport phenomena (CTP) code written in Fortran and developed and owned by the authors. The code does not require a lease and can run on a PC or a supercomputer. The authors also supply the source code, allowing users to modify the code to serve their particular needs, once they are familiar with the code. Using the CTP code, grid generation and solution procedures are described and visual solution presentations are illustrated thus offering extensive coverage of the methodology for a wide range of applications.

The authors illustrate and emphasize that the very general solutions afforded by solving the unsteady, multidimensional transport equations for real multicomponent fluids describe an immense body of physical processes. Bringing together a wealth of professional and instructional experience, this book stresses a problem-solving approach that uses one set of computational and graphical tools to describe all aspects of the analysis. It provides understanding of the principles involved so that code improvements and/or use of commercial codes can be accomplished knowledgeably.

The late Professor Pao-Lu Hsu's statistical work was primarily concerned with inference in univariate and multivariate linear models and with the associated distribution theory, both exact and asymptotic. This volume contains all of Hsu's mathematical papers published between 1935 and 1970. It comprises 40 articles, and several additional commentaries and discussions of Hsu's work in inference, multivariate analysis, and probability by Lehmann, Anderson, and Chung. Further commentaries, by various authors, have been appended to some of the papers. Hsu's colleagues Kiang and Tuan in Beijing have rewritten their memorial tribute for this occasion.

This is the introductory volume of a new series to be issued under our general editorship. With the development of an unpre cedented increase in interest in comparative pathobiology, we are of the opinion and intent that Comparative PathobioZogy should become the focal point for the publication of definitive reviews and the proceedings of significant symposia in this area of modern biomedical science. Although the term is now in common use, the question is still sometimes raised as to what "pathobiology" includes. This broad area of modern biology includes but extends beyond traditional pathology. It also encompasses studies directed at understanding the biology, chemistry, and physics of infectious agents, in cluding how they contact and invade the effected organism; the reactions of hosts to such agents, as well as to abiotic invaders; the ecologic parameters which facilitate infection; and the development of tools essential for the understanding of hast pathogen interactions. In other words, pathobiology is inter disciplinary and incorporates all of those aspects of biology, chemistry, and physics which directly or indirectly permit greater understanding of the nature of infectious and noninfectious diseases and the possible implications of such in biomedicine, agriculture, and environmental science. By "comparative" is meant an analytical and critical evaluation of comparable processes as they apply to all categories of animals, invertebrates as well as poikilothermic and homeothermic verte brates."

This represents the third volume of the series entitled Comparative PathobioZogy. The chapters included represent the proceedings of a symposium held at Oregon State University, Corvallis, on August 16-22, 1975. The symposium was co-sponsored by the Society for Invertebrate Pathology (SIP) and the American Society of Zoologists (ASZ). In recent years there has been an impressive increase in interest in comparative immunology, i. e., a comparative approach to understanding how animals, both vertebrates and invertebrates, defend themselves against nonself materials. Ever since Metchnikoff's pioneering studies during the late l800s on the role of phagocytes of invertebrates, which led to his theory of cellular immunity, invertebrates have been employed with increasing fre quency for studying cellular defense. Consequently, it is not surprising that included in the memberships of SIP and ASZ are a large number of individuals with an active interest in this area of research. As indicated by the chapters included in this volume, the animal models employed have been primarily molluscs and insects, although crustaceans and annelids have also been popular."

At a recent meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Dr. K. Kanungo of Western Connecticut State University organized a special symposium on the topic of invertebrate circulatory systems with emphasis on hemocytes and their role in internal defense. The contents of this volume of Comparative Pathobiology represent the proceedings of that gathering. As the Editor of the Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, I am intimately aware of the current popularity of research pertaining to invertebrate immune mechanisms of which hemocytes and associated molecules play a central role. Consequently, the contributions in cluded herein should prove to be of interest to a variety of investi gators including invertebrate zoologists, comparative immunolo gists, physiologists, and cell biologists. As has been stated in previous volumes of this series, Comparative Pathobiology is meant for the publication of proceedings of symposia devoted to some aspect of that broad spectrum of modern biology known as pathobiology. Those interested in having antici pated contributions considered for publication should contact me."

On August 21-26, 1977, two symposia were included in the program of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology held at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. One was entitled "Invertebrate Models for Biomedical Research" organized by Dr. Thomas C. Cheng, and the second, organized by Dr. Robert S. Anderson, was entitled "Cellular and Humoral Reactions to Disease by Invertebrate Animals." When the final manuscripts of the speakers were received, it became apparent that all of the papers were so closely related that the editors decided that they should be combined and published in a single volume of Comparative Pathobiology under the subtitle of Invertebrate Models for Biomedical Research. This volume is the result. We hope that volume four will provide the reader further insight into the complexity and comprehensiveness of pathobiology. Pathobiology encompasses not only the study of pathologic conditions but also the biology of causative agents and response reactions.

Invertebrate pathology, like medical and veterinary pathology, for many years has been spearheaded by practical applications al though in more recent times many investigators have elected to focus their attention on basic mechanisms and the elucidation of basic phenomena. Although Elie Metachnikoff and Louis Pasteur may be considered the forerunners of invertebrate pathology, in modern times the late Edward A. Steinhaus and the late Arthur M. Heimpel, among others, must be considered the principal disciples. Con sequently, in recent years several symposia have been organized in honor of the memory of Steinhaus and Heimpel. When the proceedings of these occasions were examined and reviewed, it was decided that these could naturally be considered chapters of a single volume of Comparative Pathobiology under the subtitle selected. We wish to note that the chapters devoted to various aspects of Bacillus thuringiensis were originally presented at the thirteenth annual meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology held in Seattle, Washington, on July 26 - August 2, 1980, under the title of the "Edward A. Steinhaus Memorial Symposium". This includes the contribution by Dr. Robert M. Faust on the professional contributions of Dr. Arthur M. Heimpel. Art, as he was known to his friends, was a founding member of the Society and later served as its president. The circle of his professional associates was international.

The study of parasites and their interactions with hosts continues to represent a challenging area of modern biology. The availability of new techniques and instrumentation, coupled with the development of daring new hypotheses and concepts, has paved the way for the dramatic evolution of parasitology from a static descriptive endeavor to a dynamic one based on biochemistry, immunology, molecular biology, and modern cell biology. Studies of this nature obviously fall within the domain of pathobiology. Consequently, when the contributions included in this volume of Comparative PathobioZogy were offered to this series. after critical review, we welcomed the opportunity to make them available to the scientific community. The contributions included herein represent presentations delivered before enthusiastic audiences at three different symposia, all held in 1983. The first, entitled "Some Aspects of Modern Parasitology," was organized by Dr. Gary E. Rodrick of the University of South Florida and myself on behalf of the American Society of Zoologists. The chapters by C. E. Carter and B. M. Wickwire. B. J. Bogitsh, and W. M. Kemp were originally presented at that symposium. The second symposium. organized by Dr. G. Balouet of the Faculte de Medecine, Brest, France, and myself on behalf, of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, was entitled "Cellular Reactions in Invertebrates." The chapters by G. Balouet and M. Poder and M. Brehelin were originally presented at this symposium.

Although computer technology has dramatically improved the analysis of complex transport phenomena, the methodology has yet to be effectively integrated into engineering curricula. The huge volume of literature associated with the wide variety of transport processes cannot be appreciated or mastered without using innovative tools to allow comprehension and study of these processes. Connecting basic principles with numerical methodology for solving the conservations laws, Computational Transport Phenomena for Engineering Analyses presents the topic in terms of modern engineering analysis. The book includes a production quality computer source code for expediting and illustrating analyses of mass, momentum, and energy transport. The text covers transport phenomena with examples that extend from basic empirical analyses to complete numerical analyses. It includes a computational transport phenomena (CTP) code written in Fortran and developed and owned by the authors. The code does not require a lease and can run on a PC or a supercomputer. The authors also supply the source code, allowing users to modify the code to serve their particular needs, once they are familiar with the code. Using the CTP code, grid generation and solution procedures are described and visual solution presentations are illustrated thus offering extensive coverage of the methodology for a wide range of applications. The authors illustrate and emphasize that the very general solutions afforded by solving the unsteady, multidimensional transport equations for real multicomponent fluids describe an immense body of physical processes. Bringing together a wealth of professional and instructional experience, this book stresses a problem-solving approach that uses one set of computational and graphical tools to describe all aspects of the analysis. It provides understanding of the principles involved so that code improvements and/or use of commercial codes can be accomplished knowledgeably.

Since the end of the nineteenth century, Chinese philosophy has experienced an intensely self-conscious creative transformation. Contemporary Chinese philosophers developed sophisticated positions in many central areas of philosophy and set out to reinterpret the complex inheritance of ancient Chinese philosophy. "

Contemporary Chinese Philosophy" features leading scholars describing and critically assessing the works of sixteen major twentieth-century Chinese philosophers. The book explores these philosophers' attempts to revive and modernize the Confucian, Daoist, Mohist, Legalist, Logicist, Neo-Confucian, and Buddhist schools as well as their critiques of Western thinkers from Plato to Wittgenstein. It demonstrates that the values and achievements of Chinese philosophers offer a gateway to understanding the development of Chinese views of humanity and reality.

This volume enables students and general readers to understand the rich and challenging diversity of issues and positions explored in contemporary Chinese philosophy.

In the immediate post-World War II period, Army aviation began to evolve from an observatory role to a mobility role. Helicopter air mobility began to develop in the Army from 1949 onwards. The outbreak of the Korean war assisted and accelerated the acceptance of greater helicopter air mobility within the Army. The Eisenhower period was a golden age for Army aviation, with rapid and extensive developments in air mobility doctrine and tactics. There was also a strong research and development effort to overcome the initial technological lag. These developments allowed the formation of the first air mobile division in 1965 to meet the growing demands of the Vietnam war. This work gives a new understanding of the process of military innovation. Moreover, this case study has important general implications for future military policy-making.

This handbook is the most authoritative and up-to-date reference on spine technology written for practitioners, researchers, and students in bioengineering and clinical medicine. It is the first resource to provide a road map of both the history of the field and its future by documenting the poor clinical outcomes and failed spinal implants that contributed to problematic patient outcomes, as well as the technologies that are currently leading the way towards positive clinical outcomes. The contributors are leading authorities in the fields of engineering and clinical medicine and represent academia, industry, and international government and regulatory agencies. The chapters are split into five sections, with the first addressing clinical issues such as anatomy, pathology, oncology, trauma, diagnosis, and imaging studies. The second section, on biomechanics, delves into fixation devices, the bone implant interface, total disc replacements, injury mechanics, and more. The last three sections, on technology, are divided into materials, commercialized products, and surgery. All appropriate chapters will be continually updated and available on the publisher's website, in order to keep this important reference as up-to-date as possible in a fast-moving field.