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The Army of Northern Virginia's chaotic dispersal began even before
Lee and Grant met at Appomattox Court House. As the Confederates
had pushed west at a relentless pace for nearly a week, thousands
of wounded and exhausted men fell out of the ranks. When word
spread that Lee planned to surrender, most remaining troops stacked
their arms and accepted paroles allowing them to return home, even
as they lamented the loss of their country and cause. But others
broke south and west, hoping to continue the fight. Fearing a
guerrilla war, Grant extended the generous Appomattox terms to
every rebel who would surrender himself. Provost marshals fanned
out across Virginia and beyond, seeking nearly 18,000 of Lee's men
who had yet to surrender. But the shock of Lincoln's assassination
led Northern authorities to see threats of new rebellion in every
rail depot and harbor where Confederates gathered for transport,
even among those already paroled. While Federal troops struggled to
keep order and sustain a fragile peace, their newly surrendered
adversaries seethed with anger and confusion at the sight of Union
troops occupying their towns and former slaves celebrating freedom.
In this dramatic new history of the weeks and months after
Appomattox, Caroline E. Janney reveals that Lee's surrender was
less an ending than the start of an interregnum marked by military
and political uncertainty, legal and logistical confusion, and
continued outbursts of violence. Janney takes readers from the
deliberations of government and military authorities to the
ground-level experiences of common soldiers. Ultimately, what
unfolds is the messy birth narrative of the Lost Cause, laying the
groundwork for the defiant resilience of rebellion in the years
that followed.
The Army of Northern Virginia's chaotic dispersal began even before
Lee and Grant met at Appomattox Court House. As the Confederates
had pushed west at a relentless pace for nearly a week, thousands
of wounded and exhausted men fell out of the ranks. When word
spread that Lee planned to surrender, most remaining troops stacked
their arms and accepted paroles allowing them to return home, even
as they lamented the loss of their country and cause. But others
broke south and west, hoping to continue the fight. Fearing a
guerrilla war, Grant extended the generous Appomattox terms to
every rebel who would surrender himself. Provost marshals fanned
out across Virginia and beyond, seeking nearly 18,000 of Lee's men
who had yet to surrender. But the shock of Lincoln's assassination
led Northern authorities to see threats of new rebellion in every
rail depot and harbor where Confederates gathered for transport,
even among those already paroled. While Federal troops struggled to
keep order and sustain a fragile peace, their newly surrendered
adversaries seethed with anger and confusion at the sight of Union
troops occupying their towns and former slaves celebrating
freedom.  In this dramatic new history of the weeks
and months after Appomattox, Caroline E. Janney reveals that Lee's
surrender was less an ending than the start of an interregnum
marked by military and political uncertainty, legal and logistical
confusion, and continued outbursts of violence. Janney takes
readers from the deliberations of government and military
authorities to the ground-level experiences of common soldiers.
Ultimately, what unfolds is the messy birth narrative of the Lost
Cause, laying the groundwork for the defiant resilience of
rebellion in the years that followed.
Final Resting Places brings together some of the most important and
innovative scholars of the Civil War era to reflect on what death
and memorialization meant to the Civil War generation—and how
those meanings still influence Americans today. In each essay, a
noted historian explores a different type of gravesite—including
large marble temples, unmarked graves beneath the waves, makeshift
markers on battlefields, mass graves on hillsides, neat rows of
military headstones, university graveyards, tombs without bodies,
and small family plots. Each burial place tells a unique story of
how someone lived and died; how they were mourned and remembered.
Together, they help us reckon with the most tragic period of
American history. CONTRUBUTORS: Terry Alford, Melodie Andrews,
Edward L. Ayers, DeAnne Blanton, Michael Burlingame, Katherine
Reynolds Chaddock, John M. Coski, William C. Davis, Douglas R.
Egerton, Stephen D. Engle, Barbara Gannon, Michael P. Gray, Hilary
Green, Allen C. Guelzo, Anna Gibson Holloway, Vitor Izecksohn,
Caroline E. Janney, Michelle A. Krowl, Glenn W. LaFantasie,
Jennifer M. Murray, Barton A. Myers, Timothy J. Orr, Christopher
Phillips, Mark S. Schantz, Dana B. Shoaf, Walter Stahr, Michael
Vorenberg, and Ronald C. White
Between the end of May and the beginning of August 1864, Lt. Gen.
Ulysses S. Grant and Gen. Robert E. Lee oversaw the transition
between the Overland campaign - a remarkable saga of maneuvering
and brutal combat - and what became a grueling siege of Petersburg
that many months later compelled Confederates to abandon Richmond.
Although many historians have marked Grant's crossing of the James
River on June 12-15 as the close of the Overland campaign, this
volume interprets the fighting from Cold Harbor on June 1-3 through
the battle of the Crater on July 30 as the last phase of an
operation that could have ended without a prolonged siege. The
contributors assess the campaign from a variety of perspectives,
examining strategy and tactics, the performances of key commanders
on each side, the centrality of field fortifications, political
repercussions in the United States and the Confederacy, the
experiences of civilians caught in the path of the armies, and how
the famous battle of the Crater has resonated in historical memory.
As a group, the essays highlight the important connections between
the home front and the battlefield, showing some of the ways in
which military and nonmilitary affairs played off and influenced
one another. Contributors include Keith S. Bohannon, Stephen
Cushman, M. Keith Harris, Robert E. L. Krick, Kevin M. Levin,
Kathryn Shively Meier, Gordon C. Rhea, and Joan Waugh.
The last days of fighting in the Civil War's eastern theater have
been wrapped in mythology since the moment of Lee's surrender to
Grant at Appomattox Court House. War veterans and generations of
historians alike have focused on the seemingly inevitable defeat of
the Confederacy after Lee's flight from Petersburg and recalled the
generous surrender terms set forth by Grant, thought to facilitate
peace and to establish the groundwork for sectional reconciliation.
But this volume of essays by leading scholars of the Civil War era
offers a fresh and nuanced view of the eastern war's closing
chapter. Assessing events from the siege of Petersburg to the
immediate aftermath of Lee's surrender, Petersburg to Appomattox
blends military, social, cultural, and political history to
reassess the ways in which the war ended and examines anew the
meanings attached to one of the Civil War's most significant sites,
Appomattox. Contributors are Peter S. Carmichael, William W.
Bergen, Susannah J. Ural, Wayne Wei-Siang Hsieh, William C. Davis,
Keith Bohannon, Caroline E. Janney, Stephen Cushman, and Elizabeth
Varon.
Final Resting Places brings together some of the most important and
innovative scholars of the Civil War era to reflect on what death
and memorialization meant to the Civil War generation—and how
those meanings still influence Americans today. In each essay, a
noted historian explores a different type of gravesite—including
large marble temples, unmarked graves beneath the waves, makeshift
markers on battlefields, mass graves on hillsides, neat rows of
military headstones, university graveyards, tombs without bodies,
and small family plots. Each burial place tells a unique story of
how someone lived and died; how they were mourned and remembered.
Together, they help us reckon with the most tragic period of
American history. CONTRUBUTORS: Terry Alford, Melodie Andrews,
Edward L. Ayers, DeAnne Blanton, Michael Burlingame, Katherine
Reynolds Chaddock, John M. Coski, William C. Davis, Douglas R.
Egerton, Stephen D. Engle, Barbara Gannon, Michael P. Gray, Hilary
Green, Allen C. Guelzo, Anna Gibson Holloway, Vitor Izecksohn,
Caroline E. Janney, Michelle A. Krowl, Glenn W. LaFantasie,
Jennifer M. Murray, Barton A. Myers, Timothy J. Orr, Christopher
Phillips, Mark S. Schantz, Dana B. Shoaf, Walter Stahr, Michael
Vorenberg, and Ronald C. White
What can consumerism and material culture teach us about how
ordinary Americans remembered their Civil War? Buying and Selling
Civil War Memory explores ways in which Americans remembered the
war in their everyday lives. There was an entire industry of Civil
War memory that emerged in the Gilded Age. Civil War generals
appeared in advertising; uniforms continued to be manufactured and
sold long after the war ended; and in many other ways the
iconography of the war was used to market products. What, then, can
this tell us about the way Americans remembered their war in the
most quotidian ways? The editors, James Marten and Caroline E.
Janney, have assembled a collection of essays that provide a new
framework for examining the intersections of material culture,
consumerism, and contested memory. Each essay offers a case study
of a product, experience, or idea related to how the Civil War was
remembered and memorialized. Taken together, these essays trace the
ways the buying and selling of the Civil War shaped Americans'
thinking about the conflict, making an important contribution to
scholarship on Civil War memory and extending our understanding of
subjects as varied as print culture, visual culture, popular
culture, finance, the history of education, the history of the
book, and the history of capitalism in this period. This highly
teachable volume advances the subfield of memory studies and brings
it into conversation with the literature on material culture-an
exciting intellectual fusion. The volume's contributors include
Amanda Brickell Bellows, Crompton B. Burton, Kevin R. Caprice, Shae
Cox, Barbara A. Gannon, Edward John Harcourt, Anna Gibson Holloway,
Jonathan S. Jones, Margaret Fairgrieve Milanick, John Neff, Paul
Ringel, Natalie Sweet, David K. Thompson, and Jonathan W. White.
What can consumerism and material culture teach us about how
ordinary Americans remembered their Civil War? Buying and Selling
Civil War Memory explores ways in which Americans remembered the
war in their everyday lives. There was an entire industry of Civil
War memory that emerged in the Gilded Age. Civil War generals
appeared in advertising; uniforms continued to be manufactured and
sold long after the war ended; and in many other ways the
iconography of the war was used to market products. What, then, can
this tell us about the way Americans remembered their war in the
most quotidian ways? The editors, James Marten and Caroline E.
Janney, have assembled a collection of essays that provide a new
framework for examining the intersections of material culture,
consumerism, and contested memory. Each essay offers a case study
of a product, experience, or idea related to how the Civil War was
remembered and memorialized. Taken together, these essays trace the
ways the buying and selling of the Civil War shaped Americans'
thinking about the conflict, making an important contribution to
scholarship on Civil War memory and extending our understanding of
subjects as varied as print culture, visual culture, popular
culture, finance, the history of education, the history of the
book, and the history of capitalism in this period. This highly
teachable volume advances the subfield of memory studies and brings
it into conversation with the literature on material culture-an
exciting intellectual fusion. The volume's contributors include
Amanda Brickell Bellows, Crompton B. Burton, Kevin R. Caprice, Shae
Cox, Barbara A. Gannon, Edward John Harcourt, Anna Gibson Holloway,
Jonathan S. Jones, Margaret Fairgrieve Milanick, John Neff, Paul
Ringel, Natalie Sweet, David K. Thompson, and Jonathan W. White.
As early as 1865, survivors of the Civil War were acutely aware
that people were purposefully shaping what would be remembered
about the war and what would be omitted from the historical record.
In Remembering the Civil War, Caroline E. Janney examines how the
war generation - men and women, black and white, Unionists and
Confederates - crafted and protected their memories of the nation's
greatest conflict. Janney maintains that the participants never
fully embraced the reconciliation so famously represented in
handshakes across stone walls. Instead, both Union and Confederate
veterans, and most especially their respective women's
organizations, clung tenaciously to their own causes well into the
twentieth century. Janney explores the subtle yet important
differences between reunion and reconciliation and argues that the
Unionist and Emancipationist memories of the war never completely
gave way to the story Confederates told. She challenges the idea
that white northerners and southerners salved their war wounds
through shared ideas about race and shows that debates about
slavery often proved to be among the most powerful obstacles to
reconciliation.
Immediately after the Civil War, white women across the South
organised to retrieve the remains of Confederate soldiers. In
Virginia alone, these Ladies' Memorial Associations (LMAs)
relocated and reinterred the remains of more than 72,000 soldiers.
Challenging the notion that southern white women were peripheral to
the Lost Cause movement until the 1890s, Caroline Janney restores
these women as the earliest creators and purveyors of Confederate
tradition. Long before national groups such as the Woman's
Christian Temperance Union and the United Daughters of the
Confederacy were established, Janney shows, local LMAs were earning
sympathy for defeated Confederates. Her exploration introduces new
ways in which gender played a vital role in shaping the politics,
culture, and society of the late nineteenth-century South.
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