Distinct from tissue engineering, which focuses primarily on the repair of tissues, regenerative engineering focuses on the regeneration of tissues: creating living, functional tissue that has the ability to replace organs that are dysfunctional. The challenge of working in an area like regenerative engineering lies, in part, in the breadth of information required to truly appreciate and begin to think about this field. Regenerative Engineering introduces the field through the presentation of fundamental concepts of cell biology, stem cell science, materials science, and cell-material interactions. It also focuses on specific organ and tissue types and presents up-to-date examples of ongoing work, often in the context of a specific clinical need. Regenerative medicine focuses on the biological aspects of tissue regeneration via stem cells, factors, and cytokines, while tissue engineering focuses on the integration of materials science and life sciences. This book integrates these two areas, presenting each concept in the framework of regenerative engineering. Features: Covers a number of cutting-edge topics related to regenerative medicine and tissue engineering Includes an introductory chapter on materials science Features a number of the contributors who are world-class researchers, one of whom is Dr. Anthony Atala, whose work dealing with organ regenerative engineering was featured on Sixty Minutes Incorporates problem-based learning throughout the text, which is not hypothetical but based on actual biological, engineering, or clinical scenarios Combining science, engineering and medicine, Regenerative Engineering incorporates all of the essential elements needed for further advancement in this field. The book explores the development and examination of vital organs and tissue types and addresses concerns as it relates to the regenerative engineering of various organ tissues, vascular tissues, bone, ligament, neural tissue, and the interfaces between tissues.

This book focuses on advances made in both materials science and scaffold development techniques, paying close attention to the latest and state-of-the-art research. Chapters delve into a sweeping variety of specific materials categories, from composite materials to bioactive ceramics, exploring how these materials are specifically designed for regenerative engineering applications. Also included are unique chapters on biologically-derived scaffolding, along with 3D printing technology for regenerative engineering. Features: Covers the latest developments in advanced materials for regenerative engineering and medicine. Each chapter is written by world class researchers in various aspects of this medical technology. Provides unique coverage of biologically derived scaffolding. Includes separate chapter on how 3D printing technology is related to regenerative engineering. Includes extensive references at the end of each chapter to enhance further study.

Nanotechnology and regenerative engineering have emerged to the forefront as the most versatile and innovative technologies to foster novel therapeutic techniques and strategies of the twenty-first century. The first edition of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering: The Scaffold was the first comprehensive source to explain the developments in nanostructured biomaterials for tissue engineering, the relevance of nanostructured materials in tissue regeneration, and the current applications of nanostructured scaffolds for engineering various tissues. This fully revised second edition, renamed Nanotechnology and Regenerative Engineering: The Scaffold, provides a thorough update to the existing material, bringing together these two unique areas to give a perspective of the emerging therapeutic strategies for a wide audience. New coverage includes: Updated discussion of the importance of scaffolds in tissue engineering Exploration of cellular interactions at the nanoscale Complete range of fabrication processes capable of developing nanostructured scaffolds for regenerative engineering Applications of nanostructured scaffolds for neural, skin, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal regenerative engineering FDA approval process of nanostructure scaffolds Products based on nanostructured scaffolds Due to the unique and tissue-mimic properties of the nanostructured scaffolds, the past five years have seen a tremendous growth in nanostructured materials for biological applications. The revised work presents the current state-of-the-art developments in nanostructured scaffolds for regenerative engineering.

Nanotechnology and regenerative engineering have emerged to the forefront as the most versatile and innovative technologies to foster novel therapeutic techniques and strategies of the twenty-first century. The first edition of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering: The Scaffold was the first comprehensive source to explain the developments in nanostructured biomaterials for tissue engineering, the relevance of nanostructured materials in tissue regeneration, and the current applications of nanostructured scaffolds for engineering various tissues. This fully revised second edition, renamed Nanotechnology and Regenerative Engineering: The Scaffold, provides a thorough update to the existing material, bringing together these two unique areas to give a perspective of the emerging therapeutic strategies for a wide audience. New coverage includes: Updated discussion of the importance of scaffolds in tissue engineering Exploration of cellular interactions at the nanoscale Complete range of fabrication processes capable of developing nanostructured scaffolds for regenerative engineering Applications of nanostructured scaffolds for neural, skin, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal regenerative engineering FDA approval process of nanostructure scaffolds Products based on nanostructured scaffolds Due to the unique and tissue-mimic properties of the nanostructured scaffolds, the past five years have seen a tremendous growth in nanostructured materials for biological applications. The revised work presents the current state-of-the-art developments in nanostructured scaffolds for regenerative engineering.

Distinct from tissue engineering, which focuses primarily on the repair of tissues, regenerative engineering focuses on the regeneration of tissues: creating living, functional tissue that has the ability to replace organs that are dysfunctional. The challenge of working in an area like regenerative engineering lies, in part, in the breadth of information required to truly appreciate and begin to think about this field. Regenerative Engineering introduces the field through the presentation of fundamental concepts of cell biology, stem cell science, materials science, and cell-material interactions. It also focuses on specific organ and tissue types and presents up-to-date examples of ongoing work, often in the context of a specific clinical need.

Regenerative medicine focuses on the biological aspects of tissue regeneration via stem cells, factors, and cytokines, while tissue engineering focuses on the integration of materials science and life sciences. This book integrates these two areas, presenting each concept in the framework of regenerative engineering.

Features:

• Covers a number of cutting-edge topics related to regenerative medicine and tissue engineering
• Includes an introductory chapter on materials science
• Features a number of the contributors who are world-class researchers, one of whom is Dr. Anthony Atala, whose work dealing with organ regenerative engineering was featured on "Sixty Minutes
• "
• Incorporates problem-based learning throughout the text, which is not hypothetical but based on actual biological, engineering, or clinical scenarios

Combining science, engineering and medicine, Regenerative Engineering incorporates all of the essential elements needed for further advancement in this field. The book explores the development and examination of vital organs and tissue types and addresses concerns as it relates to the regenerative engineering of various organ tissues, vascular tissues, bone, ligament, neural tissue, and the interfaces between tissues.

Academic preparation is critical to increase Black representation in Science, Engineering, and Medicine, but so, too, are such interrelated factors as providing mentoring and role models in sufficient numbers, adequately funding school and community support services, and analyzing the intentional and unintentional consequences of a range of policies and practices. To address these issues, the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a virtual workshop on September 2 and 3, 2020. Titled "Educational Pathways for Blacks in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Exploring Barriers and Possible Interventions," the workshop provided a platform to explore challenges and opportunities, beginning in the earliest years of life through K-12 schooling, undergraduate and postgraduate education, and into the workforce. Presenters throughout the workshop provided perspectives from research and from their own experiences to discuss the need for systemic solutions inside and outside of formal education institutions. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Background and What Is Missing in Key Milestones and Existing Pathway Programs 3 Teachers and Young Professionals: Perceived Obstacles, Real Barriers, and Potential Points of Intervention 4 Review of Gaps and Barriers along the Pathway 5 Impact of Finances on the Educational Pipeline 6 Potential Interventions Inside and Outside the Educational Pipeline and Classroom 7 Congressional and Concluding Remarks Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Biographies of Roundtable Members and Speakers

Despite the changing demographics of the nation and a growing appreciation for diversity and inclusion as drivers of excellence in science, engineering, and medicine, Black Americans are severely underrepresented in these fields. Racism and bias are significant reasons for this disparity, with detrimental implications on individuals, health care organizations, and the nation as a whole. The Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine was launched at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in 2019 to identify key levers, drivers, and disruptors in government, industry, health care, and higher education where actions can have the most impact on increasing the participation of Black men and Black women in science, medicine, and engineering. On April 16, 2020, the Roundtable convened a workshop to explore the context for their work; to surface key issues and questions that the Roundtable should address in its initial phase; and to reach key stakeholders and constituents. This proceedings provides a record of the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Keynote Address: New Aspects of Racism 3 Notes on History, Myth, and Race in U.S. Medical Practice, 16192020 4 Segregation in Housing and Education 5 Attacks on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Education 6 Racism in Relation to Black Men and Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine 7 Concluding Remarks Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Roundtable Members and Workshop Presenters

While the COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating health and economic impacts in the United States, communities of color, especially Black communities, have been disproportionately affected. On June 23, 2020, the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a virtual workshop to discuss the landscape of COVID-19, including how systemic racism contributes to the disproportionate effects related to infection rates and mortality of this virus and other health conditions. Presenters highlighted relevant research and creative responses from many perspectives, including how Black scientists, engineers, and doctors are contributing to solutions and are ready to do more. National Academies leaders and members also discussed the role of the National Academies in addressing the pandemic and underlying issues of systemic racism that have led to health disparities in the United States. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Keynote Session: The Landscape of COVID-19 3 Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19 on Black Communities 4 Exploring Views from the National Academies on COVID-19, Including Treatment and Policy Implications 5 Community Response and Community Resilience 6 Wrap-Up and Final Thoughts from Workshop Co-Chairs Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Presenters

On December 7 and 8, 2020, the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a virtual workshop that examined how to strengthen mentoring and advising of Black students and professionals in science, engineering, and medicine. Presenters included faculty deans, social scientists who are experts in organizational and professional development, and program implementers. Throughout the workshop, individual presenters highlighted evaluation criteria used by successful pipeline programs, including statistics on recruitment, retention, and advancement; career and leadership accomplishments; and awards and publications. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Understanding the Current Status of Black Professionals in Academia and Industry 3 Ensuring the Advancement and Promotion of Black Faculty 4 Mentor-Mentee Conversations 5 Social Science - What Is Needed 6 Program Models and Best Practices 7 Leadership and Organizational Solutions Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Presenters

The number of Black students in science, engineering, and medicine in the United States has remained disproportionately low over the past several decades. A number of reasons have been identified as contributing to these low numbers, including those related to finances. Financial considerations range from the most immediate - the ability of students to pay for their education and associated costs - to more structural concerns, such as inequities that created and have perpetuated a wealth gap between races and ethnic groups. On April 19-20, 2021, the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized a virtual public workshop to examine financial barriers for Black students in science, engineering, and medicine, explore existing educational programs to them, and engage stakeholders in conversations about partnerships and policies that span academia, industry, and philanthropy. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Addressing Barriers and Opportunities for the Workforce of the Future 3 Supportive Workforce Development and Academic Enrichment Programs 4 Creating Opportunities for the Future 5 Fellowships, Philanthropy, and Industry 6 Beyond Finances: Living, Growing, and Thriving in Institutions of Higher Learning as a Standard 7 Policies, Programs, and Resources Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Roundtable Members and Speakers

Black men are increasingly underrepresented in medical schools and in the medical profession. A diverse workforce is a key attribute of quality healthcare and research suggests that a diverse workforce may help to advance cultural competency and increase access to high-quality health care, especially for underserved populations. Conversely, lack of diversity in the health workforce threatens health care quality and access and contributes to health disparities. In this way, the growing absence of Black men in medicine is especially troubling, because their absence in medicine may have adverse consequences for health care access, quality, and outcomes among Black Americans and Americans overall. To better understand the factors that contribute to the low participation of Black men in the medical profession, facilitate discussion of current strategies used to increase their participation in medical education, and explore new strategies along the educational and professional pipeline that may have potential to increase participation in medicine, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the Cobb Institute jointly convened a 2-day workshop in November 2017, in Washington, DC. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Keynote Presentations 3 Exploring the Challenges and Barriers for Black Men Along the Life Trajectory 4 Exploring the Challenges and Barriers for Black Men Along the Educational Trajectory 5 Current Innovative and Exploratory Strategies to Support Entry into Science and Medicine for Black Men 6 Reflections on Meeting Day 1 7 Accountability in Medicine: What Can Medical Schools Do to Address the Crisis? 8 Financial Barriers to Medical Education 9 Approaches from Philanthropy 10 Approaches from Government 11 Reflections on the Workshop and Final Thoughts Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Speaker Biographies