Ever since Singapore became independent in 1965, its leaders have invested tremendous efforts and resources to develop its economy in order to create jobs for its people and to support national development. This book describes the challenging journey of Singapore in developing a knowledge-based economy driven by research and innovation and the roles played by research institutes, universities, research manpower and appropriate collaboration between research institutes and industry.The book traces the foundations of Singapore's research story from the time of its independence in 1965 to the present day. Through interviews with the key players and research into the records, the establishment of the key institutes and the roles of a global cast of researchers, scientists and engineers in setting up the R&D infrastructure are outlined. The impact of the concerted efforts to build up a credible and world-class research capability in Singapore over the last 25 years is discussed, as are the tremendous challenges faced by the key players in the drive to develop a knowledge-based economy and the ultimate goal of an innovation-driven economy.

Ever since Singapore became independent in 1965, its leaders have invested tremendous efforts and resources to develop its economy in order to create jobs for its people and to support national development. This book describes the challenging journey of Singapore in developing a knowledge-based economy driven by research and innovation and the roles played by research institutes, universities, research manpower and appropriate collaboration between research institutes and industry.The book traces the foundations of Singapore's research story from the time of its independence in 1965 to the present day. Through interviews with the key players and research into the records, the establishment of the key institutes and the roles of a global cast of researchers, scientists and engineers in setting up the R&D infrastructure are outlined. The impact of the concerted efforts to build up a credible and world-class research capability in Singapore over the last 25 years is discussed, as are the tremendous challenges faced by the key players in the drive to develop a knowledge-based economy and the ultimate goal of an innovation-driven economy.

Thereare richtheories and designs for generalcontrolsystems, but usually, they will not lead to PID controllers. Noting that the PID controller has been the most popular one in industry for over ?fty years, we will con?ne our discussion hereto PIDcontrolonly. PID controlhasbeenanimportantresearchtopicsince 1950's, and causes remarkable activities for the last two decades. Most of the existing works have been on the single variable PID control and its theory and design are well established, understood and practically applied. However, most industrial processes are of multivariable nature. It is not rare that the overall multivariable PID control system could fail although each PID loop may work well. Thus, demandforaddressingmultivariableinteractionsishighforsuccessful applicationofPIDcontrolinmultivariableprocessesanditisevidentfrommajor leading control companies who all rankedthe couplings of multivariable systems as the principal common problem in industry. There have been studies on PID control for multivariable processes and they provide some useful design tools for certaincases. But itis notedthat the existing worksaremainlyfor decentralized form of PID control and based on ad hoc methodologies. Obvious, multivariable PID control is much less understood and developed in comparison with the single variable case and actual need for industrial applications. Better theory and design have to be established for multivariable PID control to reach the same maturity and popularity as the single variable case. The present monograph puts together, in a single volume, a fairly comp- hensive, up-to-date and detailed treatment of PID control for multivariable p- cesses, from paring, gain and phase margins, to various design methods and applications.