In this study, originally published in 1986, Professor Charles Read examines the ways in which pre-school and primary children create spellings - or misspellings, as they appear to be. He focuses on the hidden phonetic bases for some frequent patterns in young children's spelling, both in and out of school. Professor Read examines children's spelling in other languages (Dutch, French, Spanish) as well as in various dialects of English, in order to see the influence of other sets of speech sounds and other standard spelling systems. Overall, the evidence suggests that children are very much affected by phonetic characteristics, as they tend to spell alike certain classes of speech sound which are indeed phonetically similar. In devising spellings, children can be remarkably independent and inventive in an activity which for adults is anything but creative, and Professor Read suggests ways in which educators can build upon this creativity.

The Payroll Book is the only book that demystifies payroll with clear, concise, and real-world examples on how to tackle the process. "The Payroll Book will be a valuable resource for the small business owner as well as for the entrepreneur planning a new venture. Thorough, well-organized, and thoughtfully written, this practical guide is an essential tool for managing the payroll process." Marilyn K. Wiley, Dean, College of Business, University of North Texas "Failing to comply with the withholding, tax remittance, and report filing requirements in handling business payroll carries a high cost. Charles' book will guide entrepreneurs through the minefields of payroll processing and reporting in language that business owners can understand. Whether you already own or are planning to start your own business, The Payroll Book is an essential tool." James A. Smith, Past President and Chairman, Texas Society of CPAs "If accounting is something you have not paid keen attention to in your startup, then this book can demystify the whole thing for you and then some! Logically set-up and highly practical in its approach! I highly recommend this book for any startup, entrepreneur, and, frankly, anyone thinking about starting a business. That said, if you already started a business it's just as important this is a must-read!" Hubert Zajicek, CEO, Co-founder and Partner, Health Wildcatters "Wow! This is the most comprehensive book of its kind. I have worked in payroll for over 25 years, and I would recommend this book as a reference to anyone who has a hand in payroll. From the novice just entering the field to the seasoned veteran, there is something in this book for everyone." Romeo Chicco, President, PayMaster

This book explores the changing boundaries and relationships between market and state from the seventeenth to the twentieth century. Money and Markets celebrates Martin Daunton's distinguished career by bringing together essays from leading economic, social and cultural historians, many being colleagues and former students. Throughout his career, Dauntonhas focused on the relationship between structure and agency, how institutional structures create capacities and path dependencies, and how institutions are themselves shaped by agency and contingency - what Braudel referred to as 'turning the hour glass twice'. This volume reflects that focus, combining new research on the financing of the British fiscal-military state before and during the Napoleonic wars, its property institutions, and thelonger-term economic consequences of Sir Robert Peel. There are also chapters on the birth of the Eurodollar market, Conservative fiscal policy from the 1960s to the 1980s, the impact of neoliberalism on welfare policy and more broadly, the failed attempt to build an airport in the Thames Estuary in the 1970s, and the political economy of time in Britain since 1945. While much of the focus is on Britain, and British finance in a global economy, the volumealso reflects Daunton's more recent study of international political economy with essays on the French contribution to nineteenth-century globalization, Prussian state finances at the time of the 1848 revolution, Imperial German monetary policy, the role of international charity in the mixed economy of welfare and neoliberal governance, and the material politics of energy consumption from the 1930s to the 1960s. JULIAN HOPPIT is Astor Professor of British History at University College London. ADRIAN LEONARD is Associate Director of the Centre for Financial History at the University of Cambridge. DUNCAN NEEDHAM is Dean and Senior Tutor at Darwin College, University of Cambridge. CONTRIBUTORS: Martin Chick, Sean Eddie, Matthew Hilton, Julian Hoppit, Seung-Woo Kim, Adrian Leonard, Duncan Needham, Charles Read, Bernhard Rieger, Richard Rodger, Sabine Schneider, HirokiShin, David Todd, James Tomlinson, Frank Trentmann, Adrian Williamson

In this study, originally published in 1986, Professor Charles Read examines the ways in which pre-school and primary children create spellings - or misspellings, as they appear to be. He focuses on the hidden phonetic bases for some frequent patterns in young children's spelling, both in and out of school. Professor Read examines children's spelling in other languages (Dutch, French, Spanish) as well as in various dialects of English, in order to see the influence of other sets of speech sounds and other standard spelling systems. Overall, the evidence suggests that children are very much affected by phonetic characteristics, as they tend to spell alike certain classes of speech sound which are indeed phonetically similar. In devising spellings, children can be remarkably independent and inventive in an activity which for adults is anything but creative, and Professor Read suggests ways in which educators can build upon this creativity.

Rich in archival detail and offering a ground-breaking analysis, this book presents a radically new interpretation of British politics and policy failings during the Great Famine. The Irish famine of the 1840s is the biggest humanitarian crisis in the United Kingdom's history. Within six years of the arrival of the potato blight in Ireland in 1845, more than a quarter of its residents had unexpectedly died or emigrated. Its population has not yet fully recovered since. Historians have struggled to explain why the British government decided to shut down its centrally organised relief efforts in 1847, long before the famine ended. Some have blamed the laissez-faire attitudes of the time for an inadequate response by the British government; others have alleged purposeful neglect and genocide. In contrast, The Great Famine in Ireland and Britain's Financial Crisis uncovers a hidden narrative of the crisis, which links policy failure in Ireland to financial and political instability in Great Britain. More important than a laissez-faire ideology in hindering relief efforts for Ireland were the British government's lack of a Parliamentary majority from 1846, the financial crises of 1847, and a battle of ideas over monetary policy between proponents and opponents of financial orthodoxy. The high death toll in Ireland resulted from the British government's plans for intervention going awry, rather than being prematurely cancelled because of laissez-faire. This book is essential reading for scholars, students and anyone interested in Anglo-Irish relations, the history of financial crises and famines, and why humanitarian-relief efforts can go wrong even with good intentions.

This book exposes, for the first time in modern scholarship, the role that the rise of the Carry Trade played in British financial crises between 1825 and 1866, how in reaction the Bank of England improved its management of monetary policy after 1866 and how those lessons have been forgotten since the 1970s. Britain is one of the few major capitalist economies in the world to have avoided policy-induced systemic financial crises for more than 100 years of its history-between 1866 and 1973. Beforehand, it suffered a series of serious banking panics, in 1825, 1837, 1847, 1857-58 and 1866. Since the 1970s banking instability has returned again, with the global financial crisis of 2007-09 hitting Britain hard. Economists and policymakers have asked what can be learnt from Britain's experience of the disappearance and reappearance of crises to help efforts to prevent future ones. This book answers that question with a major reassessment of Britain's financial history over the past two centuries. It does so by applying the long-neglected ideas of the British Banking School to explain how crises can occur because of the Carry Trade. This book is essential reading for economists and historians of modern Britain, practitioners and policymakers, as well as anyone who is affected by financial crises and their consequences.