In the last few decades great strides have been made in chemistry at the nanoscale, where the atomic granularity of matter and the exact positions of individual atoms are key determinants of structure and dynamics. Less attention, however, has been paid to the mesoscale-it is at this scale, in the range extending from large molecules (10 nm) through viruses to eukaryotic cells (10 microns), where interesting ensemble effects and the functionality that is critical to macroscopic phenomenon begins to manifest itself and cannot be described by laws on the scale of atoms and molecules alone. To further explore how knowledge about mesoscale phenomena can impact chemical research and development activities and vice versa, the Chemical Sciences Roundtable of the National Research Council convened a workshop on mesoscale chemistry in November 2014. With a focus on the research on chemical phenomena at the mesoscale, participants examined the opportunities that utilizing those behaviors can have for developing new catalysts, adding new functionality to materials, and increasing our understanding of biological and interfacial systems. The workshop also highlighted some of the challenges for analysis and description of mesoscale structures. This report summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Overview 2 Growing (Up) from the Nanoscale to the Mesoscale 3 Catalysis 4 Membrane Behavior and Microchemical Systems 5 Biomineralization and Geochemical Processes 6 Computational/Chemical Processes in Self-Assembly References Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: About the Chemical Sciences Roundtable Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers and Organizing Committee Members Appendix D: Workshop Attendees

Faced with the steady rise in energy costs, dwindling fossil fuel supplies, and the need to maintain a healthy environment - exploration of alternative energy sources is essential for meeting energy needs. Biological systems employ a variety of efficient ways to collect, store, use, and produce energy. By understanding the basic processes of biological models, scientists may be able to create systems that mimic biomolecules and produce energy in an efficient and cost effective manner. On May 14-15, 2007 a group of chemists, chemical engineers, and others from academia, government, and industry participated in a workshop sponsored by the Chemical Sciences Roundtable to explore how bioinspired chemistry can help solve some of the important energy issues the world faces today. The workshop featured presentations and discussions on the current energy challenges and how to address them, with emphasis on both the fundamental aspects and the robust implementation of bioinspired chemistry for energy. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Overview - The Role of Bioinspired Chemistry in Improving Alternative Energy Technologies 2 Government, Industry, and Academic Perspectives on Bioinspired Chemistry for Energy 3 Fundamental Aspects of Bioinspired Chemistry for Energy 4 Robust Implementation of Bioinspired Chemistry for Energy 5 Partnerships and Integration 6 Research Challenges, Education, and Training Appendixes Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Biographies Appendix C: Poster Abstracts Appendix D: Workshop Attendees Appendix E: Origin of and Information on the Chemical Sciences Roundtable

Technological Challenges in Antibiotic Discovery and Development is the summary of a workshop convened by the Chemical Sciences Roundtable in September 2013 to explore the current state of antibiotic discovery and examine the technology available to facilitate development. Through formal presentations and panel discussions, participants from academia, industry, federal research agencies discussed the technical challenges present and the incentives and disincentives industry faces in antibiotic development, and identified novel approaches to antibiotic discovery. Antibiotic resistance is a serious and growing problem in modern medicine and it is emerging as a pre-eminent public health threat. Each year in the United States alone, at least two million acquire serious infections with bacteria that are resistant to one or more antibiotics, and at least 23,000 people die annually as a direct result of these antibiotic-resistant infections. In addition to the toll on human life, antibiotic-resistant infections add considerable and avoidable costs to the already overburdened U.S. health care system. This report explores the challenges in overcoming antibiotic resistance, screening for new antibiotics, and delivering them to the sites of infection in the body. The report also discusses a path forward to develop the next generation of potent antimicrobial compounds capable of once again tilting the battle against microbial pathogens in favor of humans. Technological Challenges in Antibiotic Discovery and Development gives a broad view of the landscape of antibiotic development and the technological challenges and barriers to be overcome. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Overview 2 Challenges In Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance 3 Challenges in Screening 4 Challenges In Drug Delivery 5 General Observations Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Agenda Appendix C: Biographical Information Appendix D: Workshop Attendees

The Chemical Sciences Roundtable (CSR) was established in 1997 by the National Research Council (NRC). It provides a science oriented apolitical forum for leaders in the chemical sciences to discuss chemistry-related issues affecting government, industry, and universities. Organized by the National Research Council's Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, the CSR aims to strengthen the chemical sciences by fostering communication among the people and organizations - spanning industry, government, universities, and professional associations - involved with the chemical enterprise. One way it does this is by organizing workshops that address issues in chemical science and technology that require national attention. In September 2011, the CSR organized a workshop on the topic, "The Role of Chemical Sciences in Finding Alternatives to Critical Resources." The one-and-a-half-day workshop addressed key topics, including the economic and political matrix, the history of societal responses to key mineral and material shortages, the applications for and properties of existing minerals and materials, and the chemistry of possible replacements. The workshop featured several presentations highlighting the importance of critical nonfuel mineral and material resources in history, catalysis, agriculture, and electronic, magnetic, and optical applications. The Role of the Chemical Sciences in Finding Alternatives to Critical Resources: A Workshop Summary explains the presentations and discussions that took place at the workshop. In accordance with the policies of the NRC, the workshop did not attempt to establish any conclusions or recommendations about needs and future directions, focusing instead on issues identified by the speakers. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Overview 2 Assessments of Criticality 3 Critical Materials in Catalysis 4 Replacing Critical Materials with Abundant Materials 5 Optoelectronics and Photovoltaics 6 Critical Materials in Large-Scale Battery Applications 7 General Observations References A Workshop Agenda B Organizing Committee Biographies C Guest Speaker Biographies D Origin of and Information on the Chemical Sciences Roundtable

On October 25-26, 2005, the Chemical Sciences Roundtable held a workshop to explore issues involving those who use and contribute to chemical literature, as well as those who publish and disseminate chemical journals. As a follow-up to the workshop, a summary was written to capture the presentations and discussions that occurred during the workshop. As a forum to discuss chemistry journals within the larger context of scientific, technical and medical journal publishing, the workshop covered whether chemists and chemical engineers have unique journal needs and, if so, whether these needs are being met in the current journal publishing environment. Workshop participants also tackled how open access publishing might be applied to the chemical literature, such as to provide authors more freedom to distribute their articles after publication and allowing free access to chemical literature archives. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Overview 2 Historical Perspective 3 Challenges of Web Publication 4 Cost 5 Access 6 Archives 7 Open Access Appendix A Workshop Agenda Appendix B List of Participants Appendix C Biographic Sketches of Workshop Speakers Appendix D Origin of and Information on the Chemical Sciences Roundtable