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This Handbook provides a state-of-the-art review of research on
environmental policy and governance. The Routledge Handbook of
Environmental Policy has a strong focus on new problem structures -
a perspective that emphasizes the preconditions and processes of
environmental policymaking- and a comparative approach that covers
all levels of local, national and global policymaking. The volume
examines the different conditions under which environmental
policymaking takes place in different regions of the world and
tracks the theoretical, conceptual, and empirical developments that
have been made in recent years. It also highlights emerging areas
where new and/or additional research and reflection are warranted.
Divided into four key Parts, the accessible structure and the
nature of the contributions allows the reader to quickly find a
concise expert review on topics that are most likely to arise in
the course of conducting research or developing policy, and to
obtain a broad, reliable survey of what is presently known about
the subject. The resulting compendium is an essential resource for
students, scholars and policymakers working in this vital field.
This book examines the rise and agency of International
Organizations (IOs) and their bureaucratic bodies- the
International Public Administrations (IPAs)- as a reflection of an
ongoing transfer of political authority and power from the domestic
to the international level. It shows that IPAs represent actors per
se, with autonomy and resources that allow them to exert an
independent influence on global policy-making processes and
outputs. Providing a combination of novel conceptual lenses and
research design to capture IPAs as an empirical phenomenon, the
book takes an open, theoretically and methodologically diverse
approach to show that IPAs are far from being negligible actors in
global public policy and must be taken seriously as actors in
policy-making beyond the nation-state. This book will be of key
interest to students, scholars, and practitioners in Public Policy
and Public Administration, International Relations, International
Political Economy, as well as Organizational Studies.
This book examines the rise and agency of International
Organizations (IOs) and their bureaucratic bodies- the
International Public Administrations (IPAs)- as a reflection of an
ongoing transfer of political authority and power from the domestic
to the international level. It shows that IPAs represent actors per
se, with autonomy and resources that allow them to exert an
independent influence on global policy-making processes and
outputs. Providing a combination of novel conceptual lenses and
research design to capture IPAs as an empirical phenomenon, the
book takes an open, theoretically and methodologically diverse
approach to show that IPAs are far from being negligible actors in
global public policy and must be taken seriously as actors in
policy-making beyond the nation-state. This book will be of key
interest to students, scholars, and practitioners in Public Policy
and Public Administration, International Relations, International
Political Economy, as well as Organizational Studies.
A fresh analysis of policy convergences across nations, which
identifies their key driving forces. To what extent and in which
direction can we empirically observe a convergence of national
policies? In which areas and for which patterns of policy is
convergence more or less pronounced? This text addresses these
central questions with clarity and rigour. With growing economic
and institutional interlinkages between nation states, it is often
assumed that there is an overall trend towards increasingly similar
policies across countries. Comparative research on the domestic
impact of globalization and European integration, however, reveals
that policy convergence can hardly be considered as a dominant and
uniform tendency which can be taken for granted. Although a number
of factors have been suggested in order to account for the rather
mixed empirical picture, we still have limited knowledge about the
causes and conditions of cross-national policy convergence. In
particular, the central mechanisms and conditions affecting both
degree and level of cross-national policy convergence are yet not
well understood. This book will be of great interest to all
students and scholars of the European Union, European politics, and
international relations. This is a special issue of the leading
Journal of European Public Policy.
A fresh analysis of policy convergences across nations, which
identifies their key driving forces.
To what extent and in which direction can we empirically observe a
convergence of national policies? In which areas and for which
patterns of policy is convergence more or less pronounced? This
text addresses these central questions with clarity and rigor.
With growing economic and institutional interlinkages between
nation states, it is often assumed that there is an overall trend
towards increasingly similar policies across countries. Comparative
research on the domestic impact of globalization and European
integration, however, reveals that policy convergence can hardly be
considered as a dominant and uniform tendency which can be taken
for granted. Although a number of factors have been suggested in
order to account for the rather mixed empirical picture, we still
have limited knowledge about the causes and conditions of
cross-national policy convergence. In particular, the central
mechanisms and conditions affecting both degree and level of
cross-national policy convergence are yet not well understood.
This book will be of great interest to all students and scholars of
the European Union, European politics, and international relations.
This is a special issue of the leading" Journal of European Public
Policy,"
As the demand and necessity for greater international and
transnational cooperation increase, the bureaucratic bodies of
international organizations are receiving ever more scholarly
attention. However, the relevance of International Public
Administrations (IPAs) for global policy-making remains neither
empirically nor theoretically well understood, and yet little
systematic knowledge is available about the influence international
bureaucracies may have on policy-making. What makes international
bureaucracies influential? Are the sources of their influence on
policy-making comparable to that of national public
administrations? Is there a need to reflect on other factors than
known from the analysis of national bureaucracies or for
re-assessing the impact of traditional factors of influence in
multilevel constellations? Is there a systematic link between
intra-organizational structures and the behavior of the personnel
of international bureaucracies and the policy output of their
organizations? What are the effects of international bureaucracies'
role for particular policies or policy constellations? The
different contributions in this volume address these questions from
different conceptual perspectives and focus on different tools of
administrative governance. This book was originally published as a
special issue of the Journal of European Public Policy.
International public administrations (IPAs) have become an
essential feature of global governance, contributing to what some
have described as the 'bureaucratization of world politics'. While
we do know that IPAs matter for international politics, we neither
know exactly to what extent nor how exactly they matter for
international organizations' policy making processes and subsequent
outputs. This book provides an innovative perspective on IPAs and
their agency in introducing the concept of administrative styles to
the study of international organizations and global public policy.
It argues that the administrative bodies of international
organizations can develop informal working routines that allow them
to exert influence beyond their formal autonomy and mandate. The
theoretical argument is tested by an encompassing comparative
assessment of administrative styles and their determinants across
eight IPAs providing rich empirical insight gathered in more than
100 expert interviews.
As the demand and necessity for greater international and
transnational cooperation increase, the bureaucratic bodies of
international organizations are receiving ever more scholarly
attention. However, the relevance of International Public
Administrations (IPAs) for global policy-making remains neither
empirically nor theoretically well understood, and yet little
systematic knowledge is available about the influence international
bureaucracies may have on policy-making. What makes international
bureaucracies influential? Are the sources of their influence on
policy-making comparable to that of national public
administrations? Is there a need to reflect on other factors than
known from the analysis of national bureaucracies or for
re-assessing the impact of traditional factors of influence in
multilevel constellations? Is there a systematic link between
intra-organizational structures and the behavior of the personnel
of international bureaucracies and the policy output of their
organizations? What are the effects of international bureaucracies'
role for particular policies or policy constellations? The
different contributions in this volume address these questions from
different conceptual perspectives and focus on different tools of
administrative governance. This book was originally published as a
special issue of the Journal of European Public Policy.
The regulation of issues like abortion, euthanasia, gun control,
same-sex unions, pornography, prostitution, drugs, or gambling is
commonly referred to a special class of so called morality
policies. The distinctive feature of these policies is that
politics are shaped by conflicts over first principle: When does
life end? When does it begin? Is gambling, drug consumption or
prostitution inherently malignant? The regulation of these value
conflicts entails decisions about "right" or "wrong" and hence the
"validation of a particular set of basic values". Yet there is
still a remarkable lack of scholarly attention on morality
policies, in particular with regard to general implications for the
study of public policy. To stimulate further research in this area,
this book focuses on different concepts and theories of morality
policy change in European countries. It is based on a broad and
comparative empirical perspective on different morality issues,
including, for instance, the regulation of prostitution, abortion,
euthanasia, gambling, drugs, as well as gun controls. This book was
published as a special issue of the Journal of European Public
Policy.
The regulation of issues like abortion, euthanasia, gun control,
same-sex unions, pornography, prostitution, drugs, or gambling is
commonly referred to a special class of so called morality
policies. The distinctive feature of these policies is that
politics are shaped by conflicts over first principle: When does
life end? When does it begin? Is gambling, drug consumption or
prostitution inherently malignant? The regulation of these value
conflicts entails decisions about "right" or "wrong" and hence the
"validation of a particular set of basic values". Yet there is
still a remarkable lack of scholarly attention on morality
policies, in particular with regard to general implications for the
study of public policy. To stimulate further research in this area,
this book focuses on different concepts and theories of morality
policy change in European countries. It is based on a broad and
comparative empirical perspective on different morality issues,
including, for instance, the regulation of prostitution, abortion,
euthanasia, gambling, drugs, as well as gun controls. This book was
published as a special issue of the Journal of European Public
Policy.
The responsiveness to societal demands is both the key virtue and
the key problem of modern democracies. On the one hand,
responsiveness is a central cornerstone of democratic legitimacy.
On the other hand, responsiveness inevitably entails policy
accumulation. While policy accumulation often positively reflects
modernisation and human progress, it also undermines democratic
government in three main ways. First, policy accumulation renders
policy content increasingly complex, which crowds out policy
substance from public debates and leads to an increasingly
unhealthy discursive prioritisation of politics over policy.
Secondly, policy accumulation comes with aggravating implementation
deficits, as it produces administrative backlogs and incentivises
selective implementation. Finally, policy accumulation undermines
the pursuit of evidence-based public policy, because it threatens
our ability to evaluate the increasingly complex interactions
within growing policy mixes. The authors argue that the stability
of democratic systems will crucially depend on their ability to
make policy accumulation more sustainable.
International public administrations (IPAs) have become an
essential feature of global governance, contributing to what some
have described as the 'bureaucratization of world politics'. While
we do know that IPAs matter for international politics, we neither
know exactly to what extent nor how exactly they matter for
international organizations' policy making processes and subsequent
outputs. This book provides an innovative perspective on IPAs and
their agency in introducing the concept of administrative styles to
the study of international organizations and global public policy.
It argues that the administrative bodies of international
organizations can develop informal working routines that allow them
to exert influence beyond their formal autonomy and mandate. The
theoretical argument is tested by an encompassing comparative
assessment of administrative styles and their determinants across
eight IPAs providing rich empirical insight gathered in more than
100 expert interviews.
This book applies established analytical concepts such as
influence, authority, administrative styles, autonomy, budgeting
and multilevel administration to the study of international
bureaucracies and their political environment. It reflects on the
commonalities and differences between national and international
administrations and carefully constructs the impact of
international administrative tools on policy making. The book shows
how the study of international bureaucracies can fertilize
interdisciplinary discourse, in particular between International
Relations, Comparative Government and Public Administration. The
book makes a forceful argument for Public Administration to take on
the challenge of internationalization.
This book applies established analytical concepts such as
influence, authority, administrative styles, autonomy, budgeting
and multilevel administration to the study of international
bureaucracies and their political environment. It reflects on the
commonalities and differences between national and international
administrations and carefully constructs the impact of
international administrative tools on policy making. The book shows
how the study of international bureaucracies can fertilize
interdisciplinary discourse, in particular between International
Relations, Comparative Government and Public Administration. The
book makes a forceful argument for Public Administration to take on
the challenge of internationalization.
Has globalization led to a convergence in policy-making across
nations and, if so, what are the causal mechanisms? This book,
first published in 2008, analyses the extent to which the
environmental policies of nation states have converged over the
last thirty years and whether this convergence has led to a
strengthening or weakening of environmental standards (a race to
the top, or a race to the bottom). It also analyses the factors
that account for these developments. Based on a unique empirical
data set, the study covers the development of a wide range of
environmental policies in twenty-four OECD countries, including EU
member states as well as Norway, Switzerland, Japan, Mexico and the
USA, with particular emphasis on the impact of institutional and
economic interlinkages among these countries
Has globalization led to a convergence in policy-making across
nations and, if so, what are the causal mechanisms? This book
analyses the extent to which the environmental policies of nation
states have converged over the last thirty years and whether this
convergence has led to a strengthening or weakening of
environmental standards (a race to the top, or a race to the
bottom). It also analyses the factors that account for these
developments. Based on a unique empirical data set, the study
covers the development of a wide range of environmental policies in
twenty-four OECD countries, including EU member states as well as
Norway, Switzerland, Japan, Mexico and the USA, with particular
emphasis on the impact of institutional and economic interlinkages
among these countries.
Christoph Knill's book analyses the impact of European policies on
national administrations. Under which conditions can we expect
domestic change, particularly the convergence of administrative
styles and structures? How can we explain national patterns of
administrative transformation in the context of Europeanisation?
Knill's study is a comparative assessment of the factors
influencing administrative adjustment to European policy demands in
the member states. It addresses the topic from an innovative
theoretical perspective, combining institution-based and
agency-based approaches, and includes a detailed account of the
administrative impact of EU environmental policy in Britain and
Germany. The Europeanisation of National Administrations will be of
great interest to students, scholars and practitioners in the
fields of European studies, public administration and public
policy, environmental politics, and European and administrative
law.
The Europeanisation of National Administrations analyzes the impact of European policies on national bureaucracies. Knill's study is a comparative assessment of the factors influencing administrative adjustment to European policy demands in the member states, and contains a detailed account of the administrative impact of European Union environmental policy in Britain and Germany. This book will interest students and scholars of European studies, comparative politics, environmental politics, public administration and organizational studies.
The responsiveness to societal demands is both the key virtue and
the key problem of modern democracies. On the one hand,
responsiveness is a central cornerstone of democratic legitimacy.
On the other hand, responsiveness inevitably entails policy
accumulation. While policy accumulation often positively reflects
modernisation and human progress, it also undermines democratic
government in three main ways. First, policy accumulation renders
policy content increasingly complex, which crowds out policy
substance from public debates and leads to an increasingly
unhealthy discursive prioritisation of politics over policy.
Secondly, policy accumulation comes with aggravating implementation
deficits, as it produces administrative backlogs and incentivises
selective implementation. Finally, policy accumulation undermines
the pursuit of evidence-based public policy, because it threatens
our ability to evaluate the increasingly complex interactions
within growing policy mixes. The authors argue that the stability
of democratic systems will crucially depend on their ability to
make policy accumulation more sustainable.
Europe matters, but in different ways in different countries. The
European Union affects the policy fabric of all member states, but
that impact is differential rather than convergent. In some
instances, new policy goals have been added to national agendas and
fresh policy instruments are applied, while old ones become less
important or are openly challenged. In other instances, when
European and national policy objectives are concurrent, national
practices may be reinforced, or even redirected, by EU policies. In
all instances, however, state actors reconsider national policy
practices wherever the EU extends it activities. This innovative
study solves the differential puzzle by developing a sophisticated
theoretical and conceptual framework for studying the impact of
European policies on member states. Focusing especially on
transport policy, the authors employ extensive interviews and
archival research in an empirically rich set of case studies
(Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands) to
demonstrate convincingly that this influence depends on
pre-existing policies and institutional capacity to change.
Depending on the particular phase of regulation in which a country
finds itself and on its institutional flexibility, an identical EU
policy has remarkably diverse impacts within individual member
states. The authors' research points to fascinating
counterintuitive results and a new general model that will have
implications for anyone studying policymaking in Europe.
Diese Studie zeichnet die Entwicklung von Moralpolitiken in
Deutschland seit den 1960er Jahren bis heute nach und analysiert
moralpolitische Regulierungsmuster. Im Fokus stehen die Biopolitik
(embryonale Stammzellforschung, Schwangerschaftsabbruch und
Sterbehilfe), die Sexualpolitik (Homosexualitat,
Gleichgeschlechtliche Partnerschaften, Pornographie und
Prostitution), die Suchtpolitik (Drogenkonsum und Glucksspiel) und
die Waffenpolitik.
Die vorliegende Arbeit entstand im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes
"Policy-Netzwerke im Wandel- Die Internationalisierung von
Innenpolitik", das an der Fakultat fur Soziologie/Forschungsgebiet
Politikwissenschaft der Universitat Bielefeld in der Zeit von Marz
1992 bis April 1994 durchgefuhrt und von der Deutschen
Forschungsgemeinschaft gefOrdert wurde. Das Pro- jekt wurde von
Prof. Dr. Adrienne Heritier geleitet. Ihr moechte ich an dieser
Stelle besonders danken. Sie hat die Entstehung und den Verlauf der
Arbeit mit vielen wertvollen und interessanten Hinweisen und Ideen
begleitet. Prof. Dr. Helmut Willke danke ich fur die UEbernahme des
Zweitgutachtens. Die Daten, die dieser Arbeit zugrundeliegen,
wurden in erster Linie im Rahmen von Leitfadeninterviews erhoben.
Nahezu 60 Experten auf briti- scher und europaischer Ebene gaben
mir in sehr aufschlussreichen Gespra- chen Auskunft uber die
Inhalte und Prozesse, die die nationale und su- prastaatliche
Luftreinhaltepolitik bestimmen. Fur ihre Gesprachsbereitschaft und
die vielen neuen Erkenntnisse und Anregungen, die ich hieraus
gewin- nen konnte, moechte ich mich bei meinen Interviewpartnern
herzlich bedan- ken. Ein dickes Lob gebuhrt uberdies meinen Eltern,
ohne deren - langjahrige und unbeirrte - Unterstutzung diese Arbeit
nie entstanden ware, sowie Ste- phanie Wagner, fur die in den
letzten Monaten nicht immer soviel Zeit blieb, wie ich mir
gewunscht hatte. Danken moechte ich auch meinen Ge- schwistern,
Freunden und Bekannten, die zu einem idealen "sozialen Um- feld"
fur das Gedeihen der Arbeit betrugen, allen voran Thomas Knill,
Bernd Vogler und Claus A. Zanker, die das Korrekturlesen des
Manuskripts ubernommen haben.
A comprehensive introduction to public policy and the policy cycle,
the fully revised second edition of this popular textbook offers a
practical guide to the topic while remaining underpinned by
cutting-edge research. Bringing together analysis of classic works
alongside the most recent developments in the field, this book is
guided by the following three crucial questions: What is public
policy? Who participates in making and putting public policy in
practice as well as in assessing its success? And when and how does
public policy change over time? In answering these questions, the
book covers everything from the central institutions and actors of
policy-making to implementation, evaluation and governance. Drawing
on examples from across the world, the new edition expands on
themes that were previously covered only marginally, including the
underexplored connection between public policy and political
economy, as well as placing more emphasis on climate change and
practical advice on doing policy analysis. For undergraduate or
postgraduate students studying on courses focussed on public policy
or the policy cycle or process, this textbook is the essential
guide to the subject. The book is also suited for those studying
public policy in the context of politics or public management and
administration. New to this Edition: - A revised conclusion
containing guidance on how to do policy analysis. - Extended
discussion of climate policy and politics. - Consideration of the
effects of Brexit, the rise of populism and the impact of the loss
of faith in globalization for international organizations. - More
on policy process theories, comparative public policy, the
increasingly interdisciplinary nature of public policy studies and
new methodologies such as the evaluation of policy measures by
means of social media data.
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