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Societies around the world are concerned about dementia and the
other forms of cognitive impairment that affect many older adults.
We now know that brain changes typically begin years before people
show symptoms, which suggests a window of opportunity to prevent or
delay the onset of these conditions. Emerging evidence that the
prevalence of dementia is declining in high-income countries offers
hope that public health interventions will be effective in
preventing or delaying cognitive impairments. Until recently, the
research and clinical communities have focused primarily on
understanding and treating these conditions after they have
developed. Thus, the evidence base on how to prevent or delay these
conditions has been limited at best, despite the many claims of
success made in popular media and advertising. Today, however, a
growing body of prevention research is emerging. Preventing
Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Way Forward assesses the current
state of knowledge on interventions to prevent cognitive decline
and dementia, and informs future research in this area. This report
provides recommendations of appropriate content for inclusion in
public health messages from the National Institute on Aging. Table
of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Communicating
with the Public about Interventions to Prevent Cognitive Decline
and Dementia 3 Methodological Improvements 4 Priorities for Future
Research Appendix A: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
(AHRQ) Systematic Review Appendix B: Public Meeting Agendas
Appendix C: Biosketches of Committee Members
Neurodegeneration: Exploring Commonalities Across Diseases is the
summary of a workshop hosted by the Institute of Medicine\'s
(IOM\'s) Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders in
Spring 2012 to explore commonalities across neurodegenerative
diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease,
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and frontotemporal dementia
(FTD). Participants from academia; pharmaceutical and biotechnology
industries; government agencies such as the National Institutes of
Health and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA); patient
advocacy groups; and private foundations presented and identified
potential opportunities for collaboration across the respective
research and development communities. This report identifies and
discusses commonalities related to genetic and cellular mechanisms,
identifies areas of fundamental science needed to facilitate
therapeutics development, and explores areas of potential
collaboration among the respective research communities.
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer\'s disease,
Parkinson\'s disease, ALS, and FTD, are becoming increasingly
prevalent in the United States due to an aging population.
Implications are grave for quality of life and health care costs.
Research on neurodegenerative diseases has expanded greatly over
the past four decades. Nevertheless, fundamental questions remain
about the biology of these diseases, and further insights into the
mechanisms of these diseases would help to inform the development
of effective means to prevent and to efficiently treat them. Recent
findings have revealed certain commonalities in genetic and
cellular mechanisms across neurodegenerative diseases. These
findings suggest that it might be valuable - at least in some cases
- to change the traditional way of studying these diseases by no
longer seeing each as an independent entity, but rather as clinical
variants of common cellular and molecular biological defects. This
approach could help enhance basic scientific understanding of
neurodegenerative disease, and could help with the development of
biomarkers and new therapeutics. Table of Contents Front Matter 1
Introduction 2 Rationale for Exploring Commonalities Across
Neurodegenerative Diseases 3 Protein Aggregation 4 Transmissibility
5 Mitochondrial Pathology 6 Errors in RNA 7 Closing Remarks
Appendix A: References Appendix B: Statement of Task Appendix C:
Workshop Agenda Appendix D: Registered Attendees
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous
System Disorders, in collaboration with the IOM Forum on Drug
Discovery, Development, and Translation, convened a workshop on
January 20-21, 2015, to explore policy changes that might increase
private sector investment in research and development innovation
that fills unmet medical needs for central nervous system (CNS)
disorders. Workshop participants strategized about how to
incentivize companies to fortify their CNS drug development
programs, shrinking obstacles that currently deter ventures.
Representatives from academia, government agencies, patient groups,
and industry gathered to share information and viewpoints, and to
brainstorm about budget-neutral policy changes that could help
widen the pipeline toward drugs that address unmet needs for CNS
disorders. This report summarizes the presentations and discussion
of the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and
Overview 2 Improving Market Protection 3 Strengthening the
Regulatory Pathway 4 Patient Benefit and Engagement Appendix A:
References Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Registered
Attendees Appendix D: Participant Biographies
Young adulthood - ages approximately 18 to 26 - is a critical
period of development with long-lasting implications for a person's
economic security, health and well-being. Young adults are key
contributors to the nation's workforce and military services and,
since many are parents, to the healthy development of the next
generation. Although 'millennials' have received attention in the
popular media in recent years, young adults are too rarely treated
as a distinct population in policy, programs, and research.
Instead, they are often grouped with adolescents or, more often,
with all adults. Currently, the nation is experiencing economic
restructuring, widening inequality, a rapidly rising ratio of older
adults, and an increasingly diverse population. The possible
transformative effects of these features make focus on young adults
especially important. A systematic approach to understanding and
responding to the unique circumstances and needs of today's young
adults can help to pave the way to a more productive and equitable
tomorrow for young adults in particular and our society at large.
Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults describes
what is meant by the term young adulthood, who young adults are,
what they are doing, and what they need. This study recommends
actions that nonprofit programs and federal, state, and local
agencies can take to help young adults make a successful transition
from adolescence to adulthood. According to this report, young
adults should be considered as a separate group from adolescents
and older adults. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young
Adults makes the case that increased efforts to improve high school
and college graduate rates and education and workforce development
systems that are more closely tied to high-demand economic sectors
will help this age group achieve greater opportunity and success.
The report also discusses the health status of young adults and
makes recommendations to develop evidence-based practices for young
adults for medical and behavioral health, including preventions.
What happens during the young adult years has profound implications
for the rest of the life course, and the stability and progress of
society at large depends on how any cohort of young adults fares as
a whole. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults
will provide a roadmap to improving outcomes for this age group as
they transition from adolescence to adulthood.
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