Necessity and proportionality hold a firm place in the international law governing the use of force by states, as well as in the law of armed conflict. However, the precise contours of these two requirements are uncertain and controversial. The aim of Necessity and Proportionality in International Peace and Security Law is to explore how necessity and proportionality manifest themselves in the modern world under the law governing the use of force and the law of armed conflict, and how they relate to each other. The book explores the ways in which necessity and proportionality are applied in practice and addresses pressing legal issues in the law on the use of force, including the controversial "unwilling and unable" test for the use of force in self-defense, drones and targeted killing, the application of this legal regime during civil war, and the need for further transparency in states' justification for the use of force in self-defense. The analysis of the role of military necessity within the law of armed conflict on the modern battlefield focuses on the history and nature of the principle of military necessity, the proper application of the principle of proportionality, how commanders should account for mental harm in calculating proportionality, and the role artificial intelligence and autonomous weapons systems may play in proportionality analysis. The book concludes with a discussion of the potential role of proportionality in the law governing post-conflict contexts.

The Travaux Preparatoires of the Crime of Aggression contains a complete documentation of the fifteen years of negotiations which led up to the historic adoption of the amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court at the 2010 Review Conference in Kampala. Arranged chronologically, it includes all relevant official Chairman's drafts, non-papers, country proposals, meeting reports and summary records, as well as selected unpublished materials and transcripts from the dramatic negotiations at the Review Conference. Three introductory articles, each written from the perspective of an insider, put the Kampala compromise into context and explore the amendments on the crime of aggression, their negotiation history and the intentions of the drafters.

The 2010 Kampala Amendments to the Rome Statute empowered the International Criminal Court to prosecute the 'supreme crime' under international law: the crime of aggression. This landmark commentary provides the first analysis of the history, theory, legal interpretation and future of the crime of aggression. As well as explaining the positions of the main actors in the negotiations, the authoritative team of leading scholars and practitioners set out exactly how countries have themselves criminalized illegal war-making in domestic law and practice. In light of the anticipated activation of the Court's jurisdiction over this crime in 2017, this work offers, over two volumes, a comprehensive legal analysis of how to understand the material and mental elements of the crime of aggression as defined at Kampala. Alongside The Travaux Preparatoires of the Crime of Aggression (Cambridge, 2011), this commentary provides the definitive resource for anyone concerned with the illegal use of force.

The Travaux Preparatoires of the Crime of Aggression contains a complete documentation of the fifteen years of negotiations which led up to the historic adoption of the amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court at the 2010 Review Conference in Kampala. Arranged chronologically, it includes all relevant official Chairman's drafts, non-papers, country proposals, meeting reports and summary records, as well as selected unpublished materials and transcripts from the dramatic negotiations at the Review Conference. Three introductory articles, each written from the perspective of an insider, put the Kampala compromise into context and explore the amendments on the crime of aggression, their negotiation history and the intentions of the drafters.

The Cologne Occasional Papers on International Peace and Security Law cover essays, studies and expert's reports on current public international law issues. The series is edited by Claus Kress

Die Cologne Occasional Papers on International Peace and Security Law sind kleinere Monografien und Gutachten zu aktuellen friedenssicherungsrechtlichen Fragestellungen. Sie werden herausgegeben von Claus Kress, Direktor des Institute for International Peace and Security Law der Universitat zu Koln

Das Volkerstrafrecht darf heute in seinem Kernbereich als akzeptiert gelten: Volkermord, Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit und Kriegsverbrechen werden von der internationalen Gemeinschaft als solche gebrandmarkt und diejenigen, die solche Verbrechen befohlen, gesteuert oder ausgefuhrt haben, zumindest teilweise zur Verantwortung gezogen. Doch wie gross ist der Kreis der Beteiligten, deren volkerstraftatfordernde Handlungen bislang noch nicht in das Blickfeld der Offentlichkeit geraten sind? Wann machen sich beispielsweise Mitarbeiter eines Kriegswaffen produzierenden Unternehmens, eines Rohstoffe in einem Krisengebiet fordernden Konzerns oder die Berater und Assistenten der Befehlshabenden volkerrechtlich strafbar? Die Autorin versucht diese Fragen anhand einer Aufarbeitung insbesondere der Nurnberger Wirtschaftsverfahren und der Judikatur der beiden Ad hoc-Tribunale, eines funktionalen Mikrovergleichs des deutschen und des angloamerikanischen Teilnahmerechts sowie der rechtstheoretischen Begrundung der Beihilfestrafbarkeit zu beantworten. Vor diesem Hintergrund legt sie die Teilnahmevorschriften der Artikel 25(3)(c) und (d) IStGH-Statut im Detail aus, wobei sie insbesondere aufzeigt, dass die volkerstrafrechtliche Beihilfe auch unter dem Rom-Statut keine Forderungsabsicht im Sinne eines dolus directus ersten Grades erfordert. Im Ergebnis pladiert die Autorin dafur, volkerstraftatfordernde Handlungen auch im Bereich des Wirtschaftslebens dezidiert zu verfolgen, sofern der Handelnde ein tatspezifisches Risiko schafft und fur diese Risikobegrundung die Verantwortung tragt. Letzteres ist innerhalb eines Unternehmens der Fall, wenn er hierfur nach der innerorganisatorischen Kompetenzordnung aufgrund seiner Position und Funktion zustandig ist. Diese Arbeit wurde mit dem CBH-Dissertationspreis 2013 der Universitat zu Koln ausgezeichnet

Die Cologne Occasional Papers on International Peace and Security Law sind kleinere Monografien und Gutachten zu aktuellen friedenssicherungsrechtlichen Fragestellungen. Sie werden herausgegeben von Claus Kress, Direktor des Institute for International Peace and Security Law der Universitat zu Koln

The 20th century was influenced profoundly by the experience of two world wars. It was also characterized, however, by the attempt to replace armed conflict with non-violent conflict management. As the United Nations Charter preamble declares: The "People of the United Nations are determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war." International law and international institutions have made considerable progress toward this goal, but the world is still a long way from effectively banning major organized violence between or within states. Current governance theories are grappling with the reality of today's complex international relations. What lessons do these theories hold for overcoming violent conflict? What do theories about global governance tell us about international public authority? Is such an authority desirable at all? What would the ideal international society look like from the perspective of global governance theory? What is the role of law, authority, and international institutions in realizing the ideal? The aim of this book is to offer an interdisciplinary debate on these normative responses to the problem of war: law, authority, governance, and constitution.