An accurate measure of poverty is necessary to fully understand how the economy is performing across all segments of the population and to assess the effects of government policies on communities and families. In addition, poverty statistics are essential in determining the size and composition of the population whose basic needs are going unmet and to help society target resources to address those needs. An Updated Measure of Poverty: (Re)Drawing the Line recommends updating the methodology used by the Census Bureau to calculate the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) to reflect household basic needs. This report recommends that the more comprehensive SPM replace the current Official Poverty Measure as the primary statistical measure of poverty the Census Bureau uses. The report assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the SPM and provides recommendations for updating its methodology and expanding its use in recognition of the needs of most American families such as medical care, childcare, and housing costs. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Conceptual Basis of the Supplemental Poverty Measure Appendix 2A: Algebraic Representations of the Supplemental Poverty Measure and the Principal Poverty Measure 3 Treatment of Medical Care in the Proposed Principal Poverty Measure Appendix 3A: Alternative Approaches to Accounting for Medical Care in a Poverty Measure Appendix 3B: Examples of PPM versus SPM treatment of health insurance and medical care 4 Challenging Categories: Childcare 5 Challenging Categories: Housing/Shelter 6 Data and Statistical Issues Appendix 6A: SPM/PPM Threshold Components - Availability in the CE Interview Survey/Taken from Other Sources APPENDIX 6B: SPM/PPM RESOURCE COMPONENTS - Availability in the CPS-ASEC and ACS References Appendix A: Background and Specification of the OPM and the SPM Appendix B: Summary of Public Comments Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members

This book reviews the uses and abuses of microsimulation models--large, complex models that produce estimates of the effects on program costs and who would gain and who would lose from proposed changes in government policies ranging from health care to welfare to taxes. Volume 1 is designed to guide future investment in modeling and analysis capability on the part of government agencies that produce policy estimates. It will inform congressional and executive decision makers about the strengths and weaknesses of models and estimates and will interest social scientists in the potential of microsimulation techniques for basic and applied research as well as policy uses. The book concludes that a "second revolution" is needed to improve the quality of microsimulation and other policy analysis models and the estimates they produce, with a special emphasis on systematic validation of models and communication of validation results to decision makers.

The Encyclopedia of the U.S. Census, Second Edition updates and expands a critically-acclaimed resource to the history, politics, content, procedures, and uses of the decennial census of the American population. The new edition highlights changes in the Census Bureau's data collection and dissemination practices for the 2010 enumeration, including the use of a short-form questionnaire for the actual population count, and the release in late 2010 of the American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year data set based on rolling samples of the U.S. population and gathered using the long-form questionnaire. The second edition also comprehensively covers the fallout from the 2000 census and recent issues affecting the administration of the 2010 count.

This volume contains the full text of two reports: one is an interim review of major census operations, which also assesses the U.S. Census bureau's recommendation in March 2001 regarding statistical adjustment of census data for redistricting. It does not address the decision on adjustment for non-redistricting purposes. The second report consists of a letter sent to William Barron, acting director of the Census Bureau. It reviews the new set of evaluations prepared by the Census Bureau in support of its October decision. The two reports are packaged together to provide a unified discussion of statistical adjustment and other aspects of the 2000 census that the authoring panel has considered to date.

The Panel on Estimates of Poverty for Small Geographic Areas was established by the Committee on National Statistics at the National Research Council in response to the Improving America's Schools Act of 1994. That act charged the U.S. Census Bureau to produce updated estimates of poor school-age children every two years for the nation's more than 3,000 counties and 14,000 school districts. The act also charged the panel with determining the appropriateness and reliability of the Bureau's estimates for use in the allocation of more than $7 billion of Title I funds each year for educationally disadvantaged children. The panel's charge was both a major one and one with immovable deadlines. The panel had to evaluate the Census Bureau's work on a very tight schedule in order to meet legal requirements for allocation of Title I funds. As it turned out, the panel produced three interim reports: the first one evaluated county-level estimates of poor school-age children in 1993, the second one assessed a revised set of 1993 county estimates; and the third one covered both county- and school district-level estimates of poor school-age children in 1995. This volume combines and updates these three reports into a single reference volume.

In recent decades, production processes of intermediate and final products have been increasingly fragmented across countries in what are called global value chains (GVCs). GVCs may involve companies in one country outsourcing stages of production to unrelated entities in other countries, multinational enterprises (MNEs) offshoring stages of production to units of the MNE overseas, or both. GVCs can also involve completely independent companies merely sourcing their parts from whichever upstream company may be the most competitive, with no control arrangement necessarily involved. The changing global trade environment and the changes in firms' behavior have raised new and more complicated issues for policy makers and have made it difficult for them to understand the extent and operations of GVCs and their spillover effects on national and local economies. To improve the understanding, measurement, and valuation of GVCs, the Innovation Policy Forum at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop, "Innovation, Global Value Chains, and Globalization Measurement" May 5-7, 2021. This proceedings has been prepared by the workshop rapporteurs as a factual summary of what occurred at the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Multinational Firms and Global Innovation 3 Tracing Value Added in the Presence of Multinational Firms with an Application to High-Tech Sectors 4 Trade in Services, Intangible Capital, and the Profit-Shifting Hypothesis 5 Talent, Geography, and Offshore R&D 6 The Nature and Direction of Innovation in Global Value Chains for Wind-Energy Technologies 7 Economies of Scope and Relational Contracts: Exploring Global Value Chains in the Automotive Industry 8 Keynote Address: Foreign Direct Investments and Superstar Spillovers: Evidence from Firm-to-Firm Transactions 9 Creation and Diffusion of Knowledge in the Global Firm 10 Firm Selection and Organizational Choice: Complex Patterns of Global Sourcing 11 Are Customs Records Consistent Across Countries? 12 Capital Flows in Global Value Chains 13 Colocation of Production and Innovation: Evidence from the United States 14 Global Value Chain Measurement Methodology: Challenges and Prospects 15 Lessons from the Workshop: A Panel Discussion References Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Biographies of Speakers and Planning Committee Members (as of May 2021) Appendix C: Crosswalk of Workshop Papers to Measurement and Understanding of Global Value Chains

Many racial and ethnic groups in the United States, including blacks, Hispanics, Asians, American Indians, and others, have historically faced severe discrimination?pervasive and open denial of civil, social, political, educational, and economic opportunities. Today, large differences among racial and ethnic groups continue to exist in employment, income and wealth, housing, education, criminal justice, health, and other areas. While many factors may contribute to such differences, their size and extent suggest that various forms of discriminatory treatment persist in U.S. society and serve to undercut the achievement of equal opportunity. Measuring Racial Discrimination considers the definition of race and racial discrimination, reviews the existing techniques used to measure racial discrimination, and identifies new tools and areas for future research. The book conducts a thorough evaluation of current methodologies for a wide range of circumstances in which racial discrimination may occur, and makes recommendations on how to better assess the presence and effects of discrimination. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction PART 1: CONCEPTS 2 Defining Race 3 Defining Discrimination 4 Theories of Discrimination PART II: METHODS 5 Causal Inference and the Assessment of Racial Discrimination 6 Experimental Methods for Assessing Discrimination 7 Statistical Analysis of Observational Data 8 Attitudinal and Behavioral Indicators of Discrimination 9 An Illustration of Methodological Complexity: Racial Profiling PART III: DATA COLLECTION AND RESEARCH 10 Measurement of Race by the U.S. Government 11 Cumulative Disadvantages and Racial Discrimination 12 Research: Next Steps References Selected Bibliography Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Biographical Sketches Index

Since 1992, the Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT) has produced a book on principles and practices for a federal statistical agency, updating the document every 4 years to provide a current edition to newly appointed cabinet secretaries at the beginning of each presidential administration. This second edition presents and comments on three basic principles that statistical agencies must embody in order to carry out their mission fully: (1) They must produce objective data that are relevant to policy issues, (2) they must achieve and maintain credibility among data users, and (3) they must achieve and maintain trust among data providers. The book also discusses 11 important practices that are means for statistical agencies to live up to the four principles. These practices include a commitment to quality and professional practice and an active program of methodological and substantive research.

The U.S. Census Bureau maintains an important portfolio of economic statistics programs, including quinquennial economic censuses, annual economic surveys, and quarterly and monthly indicator surveys. Government, corporate, and academic users rely on the data to understand the complexity and dynamism of the U.S. economy. Historically, the Bureau's economic statistics programs developed sector by sector (e.g., separate surveys of manufacturing, retail trade, and wholesale trade), and they continue to operate largely independently. Consequently, inconsistencies in questionnaire content, sample and survey design, and survey operations make the data not only more difficult to use, but also more costly to collect and process and more burdensome to the business community than they could be. This report reviews the Census Bureau's annual economic surveys. Specifically, it examines the design, operations, and products of 11 surveys and makes recommendations to enable them to better answer questions about the evolving economy. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 What Data Users Want, Need, and Use 3 Business Register 4 Harmonization of Questionnaires and Data Collection Processes 5 Sampling and Estimation 6 Editing, Imputation, Disclosure Control, and Quality Standards 7 Dissemination 8 Toward an Integrated Annual Business Survey System Appendix A: Observations from Users of the Annual Economic Surveys Appendix B: Surveys Covered in this Report Appendix C: Characteristics of the Annual Economic Surveys Appendix D: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff Committee on National Statistics

In 1982 the Census Bureau requested the Committee on National Statistics to establish a panel to suggest research and experiments, to recommend improved methods, and to guide the Census Bureau on technical problems in appraising contending methods with regard to the conduct of the decennial census. In response, the panel produced an interim report that focused on recommendations for improvements in census methodology that warranted early investigation and testing. This report updates and expands the ideas and conclusions about decennial census methodology. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Purposes and Uses of the Decennial Census 3 Census Methodology: Prior Practice and Current Test Plans 4 Evaluating the Decennial Census: Past Experience 5 Taking the Census I: Improving the Count 6 Taking the Census II: The Uses of Sampling and Administrative Records 7 Adjustment of Population Counts 8 Measuring the Completeness of the 1990 Census References Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff Index Committee on National Statistics

The National Science Foundation developed the Science of Science and Innovation Policy program (SciSIP) in 2006 to fund basic and applied research that bears on and can help guide public- and private-sector policy making for science and innovation. By design, SciSIP has engaged researchers from many domains in the development of a community of practice who work together to continually develop frameworks, tools, and datasets for implementing science and innovation policy. Since its inception, the SciSIP program has funded more than 150 researchers and their graduate students. The program also contributed to the initiation of the STAR METRICS (Science and Technology for America's Reinvestment: Measuring the Effect of Research on Innovation, Competitiveness and Science) program, a collaborative effort between the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. The STAR METRICS program develops tools and mechanisms for measuring federal expenditures on scientific activities, with particular focus on quantifying productivity and employment outcomes.
"Science of Science and Innovation Policy" summarizes a public conference convened by the Committee on National Statistics of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council to present research funded by SciSIP and foster intellectual exchange among funded researchers, science, technology, and innovation policy practitioners, and other members of the science community. The conference highlighted advances in the emerging field of the science of science and innovation policy, in particular, models, frameworks, tools, and datasets comprising the evidentiary basis for science and innovation policy. This report focuses on return on investment models; organizational structures that foster accelerated scientific productivity; linkages between commercialized scientific knowledge and job creation; the roles of universities and government in technology transfer and innovation; technology diffusion and economic growth; non-economic impacts of science and innovation expenditures; regional and global networks of knowledge generation and innovation; mechanisms for encouraging creativity and measuring outputs and outcomes from transformative research; and development, manipulation and visualization of data representing scientific activities.

The Committee on National Statistics of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 2-day public workshop from December 11-12, 2019, to discuss the suite of data products the Census Bureau will generate from the 2020 Census. The workshop featured presentations by users of decennial census data products to help the Census Bureau better understand the uses of the data products and the importance of these uses and help inform the Census Bureau's decisions on the final specification of 2020 data products. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Disclosure Avoidance in the 2020 Census 3 Geospatial Analyses of Social and Demographic Conditions 4 Redistricting and Related Legal Uses 5 Delivery of Government Services 6 Business and Private Sector Applications 7 Use as Denominators for Rates and Baseline for Estimates 8 Identification of Rural and Special Populations: American Indians and Alaska Natives 9 Identification of Rural and Special Populations: Small Communities, the Young, and the Elderly 10 Panel Discussion on Key Privacy Issues 11 Census Bureau's Responses and Own Analyses of 2010 Demonstration Data Products 12 Summary of Breakout Discussion Sessions References Appendixes Appendix A: Workshop Agenda and Participants Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Planning Committee Members and External Presenters Committee on National Statistics

Publicly available statistics from government agencies that are credible, relevant, accurate, and timely are essential for policy makers, individuals, households, businesses, academic institutions, and other organizations to make informed decisions. Even more, the effective operation of a democratic system of government depends on the unhindered flow of statistical information to its citizens. In the United States, federal statistical agencies in cabinet departments and independent agencies are the governmental units whose principal function is to compile, analyze, and disseminate information for such statistical purposes as describing population characteristics and trends, planning and monitoring programs, and conducting research and evaluation. The work of these agencies is coordinated by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. Statistical agencies may acquire information not only from surveys or censuses of people and organizations, but also from such sources as government administrative records, private-sector datasets, and Internet sources that are judged of suitable quality and relevance for statistical use. They may conduct analyses, but they do not advocate policies or take partisan positions. Statistical purposes for which they provide information relate to descriptions of groups and exclude any interest in or identification of an individual person, institution, or economic unit. Four principles are fundamental for a federal statistical agency: relevance to policy issues, credibility among data users, trust among data providers, and independence from political and other undue external influence.?Principles and Practices for a Federal Statistical Agency: Sixth Edition presents and comments on these principles as they've been impacted by changes in laws, regulations, and other aspects of the environment of federal statistical agencies over the past 4 years. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary Part I: Introduction Background Definition of a Federal Statistical Agency Establishment of a Federal Statistical Agency Brief History of the U.S. Federal Statistical System Valuing Federal Statistics References for Part I Part II: Principles for a Federal Statistical Agency Principle 1: Relevance to Policy Issues Principle 2: Credibility among Data Users Principle 3: Trust among Data Providers Principle 4: Independence from Political and Other Undue External Influence References for Part II Part III: Practices for a Federal Statistical Agency Practice 1: A Clearly Defined and Well-Accepted Mission Practice 2: Necessary Authority to Protect Independence Practice 3: Use of Multiple Data Sources for Statistics That Meet User Needs Practice 4: Openness about Sources and Limitations of the Data Provided Practice 5: Wide Dissemination of Data Practice 6: Cooperation with Data Users Practice 7: Respect for the Privacy and Autonomy of Data Providers Practice 8: Protection of the Confidentiality of Data Providers' Information Practice 9: Commitment to Quality and Professional Standards of Practice Practice 10: An Active Research Program Practice 11: Professional Advancement of Staff Practice 12: A Strong Internal and External Evaluation Program Practice 13: Coordination and Collaboration with Other Statistical Agencies References for Part III Appendixes Appendix A: Legislation and Regulations That Govern Federal Statistics Appendix B: Organization of the Federal Statistical System Committee on National Statistics

Section 141 of The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 20101 provides funding for a research program on the causes and consequences of childhood hunger and food insecurity, and the characteristics of households with childhood hunger and food insecurity, with a particular focus on efforts to improve the knowledge base regarding contributing factors, geographic distribution, programmatic effectiveness, public health and medical costs, and consequences for child development, well-being, and educational attainment. The Economic Research Service and Food and Nutrition Service of the US Department of Agriculture conducted two outreach efforts to obtain input from the research community and other stakeholders to help focus on areas and methods with the greatest research potential. First, Food and Nutrition Service sought written comments to selected questions through publication of a Federal Register Notice. The second option was to convene a workshop under the auspices of the Committee on National Statistics of the National Research Council and the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine. Research Opportunities Concerning the Causes and Consequences of Child Food Insecurity and Hunger is the summary of that workshop, convened in Fall 2012 to examine research gaps and opportunities to advance understanding of the causes and consequences of child hunger in the United States. This report reviews the adequacy of current knowledge, identifies substantial research gaps, and considers data availability of economic, health, social, cultural, demographic, and other factors that contribute to childhood hunger or food insecurity. It also considers the geographic distribution of childhood hunger and food insecurity; the extent to which existing federal assistance programs reduce childhood hunger and food insecurity; childhood hunger and food insecurity persistence, and the extent to which it is due to gaps in program coverage; and the inability of potential participants to access programs, or the insufficiency of program benefits or services. Research Opportunities Concerning the Causes and Consequences of Child Food Insecurity and Hunger will be a resource to inform discussions about the public health and medical costs of childhood hunger and food insecurity through its focus on determinants of child food insecurity and hunger, individual, community, and policy responses to hunger, impacts of child food insecurity and hunger, and measurement and surveillance issues. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Defining and Measuring Food Security 3 Individual and Household Determinants of Child Food Insecurity and Hunger 4 Contextual Factors Linked to Child Food Insecurity and Hunger 5 Individual and Family Coping Responses to Hunger 6 Community Responses to Food Insecurity and Hunger 7 Public Policy Responses to Hunger 8 Health and Developmental Correlates of Child Food Insecurity from Pregnancy to Adolescence 9 Measurement and Surveillance of Child Food Insecurity and Hunger 10 Wrap-Up Bibliography Appendix A: Agenda Appendix B: Registered Participants Committee on National Statistics

Beginning in 2006, the Census Bureau embarked on a program to reengineer the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to reduce its costs and improve data quality and timeliness. The Bureau also requested the National Academies to consider the advantages and disadvantages of strategies for linking administrative records and survey data, taking account of the accessibility of relevant administrative records, the operational feasibility of linking, the quality and usefulness of the linked data, and the ability to provide access to the linked data while protecting the confidentiality of individual respondents. In response, this volume first examines the history of SIPP and reviews the survey's purpose, value, strengths, and weaknesses. The book examines alternative uses of administrative records in a reengineered SIPP and, finally, considers innovations in SIPP design and data collection, including the proposed use of annual interviews with an event history calendar. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 SIPP's History, Strengths, and Weaknesses 3 Expanded Use of Administrative Records 4 Innovation in Design and Data Collection Appendix A: SIPP Data Quality Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff References Committee on National Statistics

Planning for the 2020 census is already beginning. This book from the National Research Council examines several aspects of census planning, including questionnaire design, address updating, non-response follow-up, coverage follow-up, de-duplication of housing units and residents, editing and imputation procedures, and several other census operations. This book recommends that the Census Bureau overhaul its approach to research and development. The report urges the Bureau to set cost and quality goals for the 2020 and future censuses, improving efficiency by taking advantage of new technologies. Table of Contents Front Matter Part I: Final Report Summary 1 Introduction 2 Planning the 2020 Census: Cost and Quality 3 Census Bureau Research, Past and Present 4 Revitalizing Census Research and Development Appendix A: Past Census Research Programs Appendix B: 2010 Census Program of Evaluations and Experiments Part II: Interim Report: Experimentation and Evaluation in the 2010 Census (December 7, 2007) Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Initial Views on 2010 Census Experiments 3 Initial Views on 2010 Census Evaluations 4 Considerations for the 2010 Census Appendix A: The Census Bureau's Suggested Topics for Research Appendix B: Internet Response Options in Selected Population Censuses Part III: Letter Report (February 19, 2009) Letter Report References Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff Committee on National Statistics

The American Community Survey (ACS) is a major new initiative from the U.S. Census Bureau designed to provide continuously updated information on the numbers and characteristics of the nation's people and housing. It replaces the "long form" of the decennial census. Using the American Community Survey covers the basics of how the ACS design and operations differ from the long-form sample; using the ACS for such applications as formula allocation of federal and state funds, transportation planning, and public information; and challenges in working with ACS estimates that cover periods of 12, 36, or 60 months depending on the population size of an area. This book also recommends priority areas for continued research and development by the U.S. Census Bureau to guide the evolution of the ACS, and provides detailed, comprehensive analysis and guidance for users in federal, state, and local government agencies, academia, and media. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction PART I: Using the American Community Survey, 2 Essentials for Users 3 Working with the ACS: Guidance for Users PART II: Technical Issues, 4 Sample Design and Survey Operations 5 The Weighting of ACS 1-Year Period Estimates 6 Weighting and Interpreting ACS Multiyear Estimates PART III: Education, Outreach, and Future Development, 7 Important Next Steps References Appendix A Acronyms and Abbreviations Appendix B Controlling the American Community Survey to Postcensal Population Estimates Appendix C Alternatives to the Multiyear Period Estimation Strategy for the American Community Survey Appendix D Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff Index to Executive Summary and Chapters 1-7 Committee on National Statistics

Since 1992, the Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT) has produced a book on principles and practices for a federal statistical agency, updating the document every 4 years to provide a current edition to newly appointed cabinet secretaries at the beginning of each presidential administration. This third edition presents and comments on three basic principles that statistical agencies must embody in order to carry out their mission fully: (1) They must produce objective data that are relevant to policy issues, (2) they must achieve and maintain credibility among data users, and (3) they must achieve and maintain trust among data providers. The book also discusses 11 important practices that are means for statistical agencies to live up to the four principles. These practices include a commitment to quality and professional practice and an active program of methodological and substantive research.

The National Children's Study (NCS) was authorized by the Children's Health Act of 2000 and is being implemented by a dedicated Program Office in the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). The NCS is planned to be a longitudinal observational birth cohort study to evaluate the effects of chronic and intermittent exposures on child health and development in the U.S.. The NCS would be the first study to collect a broad range of environmental exposure measures for a national probability sample of about 100,000 children, followed from birth or before birth to age 21. Detailed plans for the NCS were developed by 2007 and reviewed by a National Research Council / Institute of Medicine panel. At that time, sample recruitment for the NCS Main Study was scheduled to begin in 2009 and to be completed within about 5 years. However, results from the initial seven pilot locations, which recruited sample cases in 2009-2010, indicated that the proposed household-based recruitment approach would be more costly and time consuming than planned. In response, the Program Office implemented a number of pilot tests in 2011 to evaluate alternative recruitment methods and pilot testing continues to date. At the request of Congress, The National Children's Study 2014 reviews the revised study design and proposed methodologies for the NCS Main Study. This report assesses the study's plan to determine whether it is likely to produce scientifically sound results that are generalizable to the United States population and appropriate subpopulations. The report makes recommendations about the overall study framework, sample design, timing, content and need for scientific expertise and oversight. The National Children's Study has the potential to add immeasurably to scientific knowledge about the impact of environmental exposures, broadly defined, on children\'s health and development in the United States. The recommendations of this report will help the NCS will achieve its intended objective to examine the effects of environmental influences on the health and development of American children.

Many racial and ethnic groups in the United States, including blacks, Hispanics, Asians, American Indians, and others, have historically faced severe discrimination--pervasive and open denial of civil, social, political, educational, and economic opportunities. Today, large differences among racial and ethnic groups continue to exist in employment, income and wealth, housing, education, criminal justice, health, and other areas. While many factors may contribute to such differences, their size and extent suggest that various forms of discriminatory treatment persist in U.S. society and serve to undercut the achievement of equal opportunity. "Measuring Racial Discrimination considers the definition of race and racial discrimination, reviews the existing techniques used to measure racial discrimination, and identifies new tools and areas for future research. The book conducts a thorough evaluation of current methodologies for a wide range of circumstances in which racial discrimination may occur, and makes recommendations on how to better assess the presence and effects of discrimination.