This book discusses legal education in multicultural classes. Comparative law education is now widespread throughout the world, and there is a growing trend in developed countries toward teaching global law. Providing theoretical answers on how to describe each legal culture and tradition side-by-side, it also explores educational methodological options to address these aspects without causing offence or provoking tension within a multicultural student community. The book examines nine countries on three continents, bringing together academic views and educational insights from ten scholars in the field of comparative law.

"Iran is a key case in the social scientific literature on pre-capitalist societies and this book is informed by a detailed knowledge of its state and agrarian relations."
--Paul Hirst, University of London

Iran is a key case in the social scientific literature on pre- capitalist societies and this book is informed by a detailed knowledge of its state and agrarian relations. Vali's critical assessment of attempts to characterize these institutions is thorough, accurate and fair. His book is of great intellectual interest."
--Paul Hirst, Birkbeck College, University of London

Iran before 1906 is a fascinating example of a pre-capitalist society. Was Iran, in the centuries before the constitutional revolution of 1906, an essentially feudal society? Or was it a despotic Asiatic one? In this illuminating portrait of politics and society in Qajar Iran, Abbas Vali examines these, and other, questions to develop new concepts for the analysis of state and social relations in pre-capitalist Iran. The first theoretical history of Qajar Iran, the volume contains chapters on Marxism and the historiography of pre-capitalist Iran; economic concepts of feudal rent; political authority, sovereignty, and property ownership in medieval political discourse; and the organization of agrarian production in pre- capitalist Iran.

How can Iranian society prior to the constitutional revolution of 1906 be characterized? In this book, the first theoretical history of its kind, Vali takes as his starting point the long- standing debate among historians and social scientists over this central issue. He critically assesses the work of those scholars who have argued that pre-twentieth century Iranian institutions were essentially feudal, and those who have proposed an alternative conceptualization of Iran as an Asiatic society. Since this controversy takes place within the framework of a comparative study of Iranian and West European histories, the book also examines the works of high social theory from which it derives - those of Marx, Weber, Wittfogel, Anderson, Balibar, Hindess and Hirst, Mann, and others. Finally, Vali uses his critiques to develop new concepts for the analysis of state and social relations in pre-capitalist Iran.

This Major Reference series brings together a wide range of key international articles in law and legal theory. Many of these essays are not readily accessible, and their presentation in these volumes will provide a vital new resource for both research and teaching. Each volume is edited by leading international authorities who explain the significance and context of articles in an informative and complete introduction.

This Major Reference series brings together a wide range of key international articles in law and legal theory. Many of these essays are not readily accessible, and their presentation in these volumes will provide a vital new resource for both research and teaching. Each volume is edited by leading international authorities who explain the significance and context of articles in an informative and complete introduction.

This book provides a modern and comprehensive presentation of a wide variety of problems arising in nonlinear analysis, game theory, engineering, mathematical physics and contact mechanics. It includes recent achievements and puts them into the context of the existing literature. The volume is organized in four parts. Part I contains fundamental mathematical results concerning convex and locally Lipschits functions. Together with the Appendices, this foundational part establishes the self-contained character of the text. As the title suggests, in the following sections, both variational and topological methods are developed based on critical and fixed point results for nonsmooth functions. The authors employ these methods to handle the exemplary problems from game theory and engineering that are investigated in Part II, respectively Part III. Part IV is devoted to applications in contact mechanics. The book will be of interest to PhD students and researchers in applied mathematics as well as specialists working in nonsmooth analysis and engineering.

This book discusses legal education in multicultural classes. Comparative law education is now widespread throughout the world, and there is a growing trend in developed countries toward teaching global law. Providing theoretical answers on how to describe each legal culture and tradition side-by-side, it also explores educational methodological options to address these aspects without causing offence or provoking tension within a multicultural student community. The book examines nine countries on three continents, bringing together academic views and educational insights from ten scholars in the field of comparative law.

This comprehensive introduction to the calculus of variations and its main principles also presents their real-life applications in various contexts: mathematical physics, differential geometry, and optimization in economics. Based on the authors' original work, it provides an overview of the field, with examples and exercises suitable for graduate students entering research. The method of presentation will appeal to readers with diverse backgrounds in functional analysis, differential geometry and partial differential equations. Each chapter includes detailed heuristic arguments, providing thorough motivation for the material developed later in the text. Since much of the material has a strong geometric flavor, the authors have supplemented the text with figures to illustrate the abstract concepts. Its extensive reference list and index also make this a valuable resource for researchers working in a variety of fields who are interested in partial differential equations and functional analysis.

The Author investigated 30,000 years writing-history of humanity in his previous book Signs Letters Alphabet. This book ads to his investigation everything he could find about numbers and number writing in our history. The ancient numerals: the dot, line, a line perpendicular to it (I) and a long line. Every one of these signs marked its own local value. Thus, we can write every number with different arrangements of these four signs. The reader can compare the 17,000-year-old numeral pictured on the front of this book (written on the cave's wall in Lascaux) with the 19th century signs seen on the inside of this back cover. The earliest found dot-line numeral so far is around 30,000 years old. Finds with such recordings get more numerous as we approach our time. This method was used, unchanged, in Ancient Egypt through its history, in China, by the Mayans, by the Aramaic culture in Middle East, the Eskimos and even in the salt mines of Transylvanian until the start of 20th century. Everybody did it, because there was no other kind of number-writing. We are no exception either. Our "Arabic" number-writing has a Palaeolithic origin also, except that the signs became over-ornamented in India, changing to "cifra" (adornment, ciphers), before arriving in Europe. The Palaeolithic calculator had two basic signs: dot and line. The lines could be drawn in the sand as in Egypt or even somewhere in Africa today. The dots could be pebbles, marbles, kernels or shells. The very fast calculator, with wires and beads on them is still used world wide, its name and form varies from abacus (Latin) to soroban (Japan) or from schoti Russia) to suan pan (China).

The writer introduces you to finds, reminders of cultural products created in prehistoric times. Some archaeological finds contain drawings, writings, numerals made partially 20-30.000 years ago. We can see petrified human foot prints together wit that of dinosaurs. A three million years old human skeleton was found looking like we do. There are remnants of very old cultures we never learned about. Darwin said once, if somebody brings him just one example contradicting his theory, he would call his theory as not valid. By now, numerous finds contradicting Darwin's theory are known to our scientists, but of our children still have to grow up with this hypothetic, in many ways wrong teaching. We have to review our school books finally. This book contains 250 pictures and presents even alternate theories of our past "evolution."

Etymological comparison of word-samples out of different languages. "And the whole earth was of one language and of one speech." (Genesis I.11.1) Where did this language develop?, What kind of language was it? Is it still around? Supposedly we found it - what's the proof of it being the mother of all languages? - We will find the answers for all these questions by reading this book and following the author's sharp logic.

The research to find the proto-nostratic language of Eurasia lately brought more and more results. One of those discoveries is the recognition that a big part of the English vocabulary - as presented in this book - has much more similarity to the Hungarian than we thought before. These similarities are touching the basic elements of both languages. An important detail of this recognition is that we do not have to move people forth and back all over the continents to explain "takeover"- words. The common features are the legacy of an archaic root-language, once spoken by everybody in Eurasia. The recognition of so many common words could be quite useful for Hungarians learning English and vice versa.

All languages of Eurasia and some aboriginal languages in America contain more or less remnants of the archaic, so-called "proto-nostratic" language, the first(?) one of humanity, the language of the Stone-Age, of prehistoric times. Our culture, customs and religions are the product of the archaic culture, the creator of this language. The author invites you to explore this archaic but up-to-date language. One of the most impressive recognition in the book is that "the word of the Stone Age man is a picture." Those early ancestors told pictures to each other, loudly expressed pictures.

Csaba Varga proves with sharp logic - examining numerous archeological finds - in this book that our early ancestors could write text and numbers routinely 30.000 years ago and since they never stopped doing it. He connects all writings systems, alphabets of our culture history to one proto-alphabet that did not change since those prehistoric times. Only a man could reach this goal, who can perceive as an artist, have the logic of a mathematician and is free of any political or scientific doctrines.