First published in 1980, The Survivors is a detailed and original study of the experiences of homeless young people in central London. The book is based on in-depth interviews with 107 'newcomers', who were selected at two nightshelters and a government reception centre. Their views and experiences are recorded, their backgrounds described and their reasons for coming to London examined. We learn how they coped with the interventions of both those who want to hinder and those who want to help, and how in general they survived - and sometimes even enjoyed themselves - in an extreme environment. The authors also examine the ways in which the various helping agencies view the 'problem'. They claim that the agencies tend to present a pessimistic picture - one that understates the resilience and resourcefulness of these young people, dismisses their spirit of their adventure, and concentrates almost exclusively on the dangers, difficulties and hardships. This book will be of interest to students of sociology, urban studies, public policy and economics.

Microstructural Characterization of Materials- 2nd Edition

David Brandon and Wayne D. Kaplan.

Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

Microstructural characterization is usually achieved by allowing some form of probe to interact with a carefully prepared specimen. The most commonly used probes are visible light, X-ray radiation, a high-energy electron beam, or a sharp, flexible needle. These four types of probe form the basis for optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and scanning probe microscopy.

The book is an introduction to the expertise involved in assessing the microstructure of engineering materials and to the experimental methods used for this purpose. Similar to the first edition, this 2nd edition of Microstructural Characterization of Materials explores the methodology of materials characterization under the three headings of crystal structure, microstructural morphology, and microanalysis. The principal methods of characterization, including diffraction analysis, optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and chemical microanalytical techniques are treated both qualitatively and quantitatively. An additional chapter has been added to the new edition to cover surface probe microscopy, and there are new sections on digital image recording and analysis, orientation imaging microscopy, focused ion-beam instruments, atom-probe microscopy, and 3-D image reconstruction. As well as being fully updated, this second edition also includes revised and expanded examples and exercises.

The book should appeal to senior undergraduate and graduate students of material science, materials engineering, and materials chemistry, as well as toqualified engineers and more advanced researchers, who should find the book a useful and comprehensive general reference source.

Joining Processes An Introduction David Brandon and Wayne D. Kaplan Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel This is an introductory text for students of materials science and engineering interested in the scientific background to the joining and assembly of components in engineering systems. The principles of joining and the common methods employed to achieve a reliable joint are covered in chapters that all conclude with a summary of the points covered, and a set of problems for individual study, or class discussion. In the first chapters, thorough introductory overviews are given of firstly, the mechanical, chemical and physical phenomena related to surfaces, contacts and joins. In subsequent chapters, any necessary metallurgical or chemical background is adequately covered to enable students to understand the basic principles of a variety of joining methods, microelectronic devices and vacuum assemblies. Contents: Introduction; Surface Science; The Mechanics of Joining; Mechanical Bonding; Welding; Weld Metallurgy; Soldering and Brazing; Metal-ceramic Joints and Diffusion Bonding; Adhesives; Vacuum Seals; Micro-electronic Packaging.

This applied dissertation was designed to investigate the characteristics most represented in two school districts, an inner-city and a suburban district. These characteristics were related to the innovativeness of the school district and the perception of individual leadership in schools that have passed the performance criteria for state accreditation. Forty schools and 200 principals were randomly selected to participate in the study for a period of 3 to 4 months. The researcher used three instruments to determine whether differences existed between the two districts in regard to performance on the Standards of Learning assessments. He developed a checklist for interview questions on instructional technology strategies that might be implemented by leaders and teachers in the classroom. A Perceived Organizational Innovativeness Scale was used to measure the innovativeness of the school district, and an Individual Innovativeness Scale was used to measure the perception of individual leaders concerning the innovativeness of the school district. The findings indicated that organization innovativeness contributed to the innovativeness of individuals, such as leaders. Leaders categorized by innovativeness contributed to the overall structure of the organization by means of social networks with predictable human behavior in the organization. The passing of the Standards of Learning assessment and the schools' proven performance and accreditation status were clearly related to the behavioral patterns of individual and the social networks implemented by the leadership.