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Microbiology may be described as one of the younger sciences with
its history, as a precise subject, only dating as far back as
Pasteur in the mid 1800s and his revelation both of the role of
microorganisms in nature and their importance to human welfare.
Medical scientists rapidly took up the challenge, with their area
of microbiology flourishing and expanding almost in complete
isolation from the rest of biology. We now know, of course, that
microorganisms have always played an important, if not essential
role, in the biosphere with fermented foods and beverages, plant
and animal diseases and nutrient cycling foremost in their sphere
of activities. Within the last twenty years, microbiology has
received two enormous boosts with the developments in microbial
genetics and genetic engineering probably being the most
influential, and the greater awareness of pollution and
environmental sustainability following a close second. In 1990,
your editor had the privilege and pleasure of being elected as
President of The Association of Applied Biologists in the United
King dom and, as the topic for his three-day Presidential
Conference, chose 'The exploitation of microorganisms in applied
biology'. This meeting stimu lated great interest in a wide range
of subject areas, from weed control to nematology, from plant
breeding to plant pathology, from mushrooms to mycorrhiza. The
proceedings of this meeting were published in Aspects of Applied
Biology, No. 24, 1990."
Microbiology may be described as one of the younger sciences with
its history, as a precise subject, only dating as far back as
Pasteur in the mid 1800s and his revelation both of the role of
microorganisms in nature and their importance to human welfare.
Medical scientists rapidly took up the challenge, with their area
of microbiology flourishing and expanding almost in complete
isolation from the rest of biology. We now know, of course, that
microorganisms have always played an important, if not essential
role, in the biosphere with fermented foods and beverages, plant
and animal diseases and nutrient cycling foremost in their sphere
of activities. Within the last twenty years, microbiology has
received two enormous boosts with the developments in microbial
genetics and genetic engineering probably being the most
influential, and the greater awareness of pollution and
environmental sustainability following a close second. In 1990,
your editor had the privilege and pleasure of being elected as
President of The Association of Applied Biologists in the United
King dom and, as the topic for his three-day Presidential
Conference, chose 'The exploitation of microorganisms in applied
biology'. This meeting stimu lated great interest in a wide range
of subject areas, from weed control to nematology, from plant
breeding to plant pathology, from mushrooms to mycorrhiza. The
proceedings of this meeting were published in Aspects of Applied
Biology, No. 24, 1990."
The accumulation of literature dealing with the structure and
function of synapses presents the synaptologist with a formidable
problem. The diverse interests now en- compassed by synaptology,
and the many facets of neurobiology mirrored in these interests,
make the task of reviewing synaptic organization a major one.
Selection must be made and, if the reader is not to be misled,
biases must be exposed. My frame of reference is the presynaptic
terminal, that is, the enlarged termination of the axon (Figs. 1
and 2). This includes the specialized presynaptic membrane run-
ning alongside the cleft region and associated with the dense
projections and presyn- tic vesicular grid (Figs. 1 and 8). Within
the cytoplasm of the terminal are the synaptic and coated vesicles,
mitochondria, the micromamentous presynaptic network and possibly
microtubules. My approach to the presynaptic terminal will rely
principally on mor- phological concepts, although biochemical
features of the composition of the ju- tional region are essential
for a basic understanding of synaptic organization and ref- erence
to these will also be made.
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