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Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism is an
interdisciplinary symposium bringing together basic science and
clinical applications. It contains up-to-date research findings at
the highest scientific level.
Amino acid transport is a part of each of two larger subjects,
amino acid metabolism and the biomembrane transport of various .
small molecules and ions. Nevertheless in this volume we treat
amino acid transport as more than a fragment of either of these two
larger subjects. A more comprehensive approach is justified when we
remember two historic and ongoing aspects of the title subject.
First, amino acid transport had its beginning and acquired a
distinct momentum (even if somewhat interrupted from 1913 until
about 1945) as amino acid metabolism with the central and pioneer
work of Van Slyke and Meyer in 1913. The reviews in this volume
will show that it steadily becomes a larger aspect of amino acid
metabolism, broadly perceived. These chapters will show for how
many organelles, cells, tissues, organs and organ systems, the
transmembrane compartmentations and flows of amino acids play very
large parts in their fundamental biological relations. The authors
here are tending collectively to evaluate an understanding of amino
acid flows across biomernbranes, and the regulation of these flows,
as necessary to an ultimate understanding of the full range of
development and metabolism. Such an understanding goes far beyond
the purely substrate-destabilizing contributions by enzymes, which
have often been arbitrarily limited to that conceptual entity, "the
cell," and which for so long a splendid time had most of
biochemical research attention.
One of the prerequisites for survival is the ability of cells to
maintain their volume. Thus, during the course of evolution cells
have "learned" a variety of strategies to achieve volume
homeostasis. This volume regulatory machinery involves regulation
of both, cellular metabolism and cellular transport and is
exploited by hormones and transmitters to regulate
cellularfunction. This book to illustrates the complex interplay of
cell volume regulatory mechanisms and cellular function in a
variety of tissues. However, our knowledge is still far from being
conclusive, and the present collection of reviews is thought to
foster further experimental efforts to unravel the role of cell
volume in the integrated function of cells.
Glutamine is a key aminoacid for the synthesis of numerous
biologic- ally important compounds in mammalian cells and is a
carrier form of ammonia. The advance in knowledge on the metabolic
significance of this amino acid is presented in in-depth treatments
by experts in this active research field. This includes the
enzymology of glutamine synthe- tase and glutaminase activities in
different mammalian organs, notably liver, kidney and brain;
properties of glutamine transport across bio- logical membranes;
role of glutamine metabolism in the liver, with emphasis on the
recent discovery of intercellular heterogeneity with respect to
enzyme distribution and its functional consequences for
ammonia/urea metabolism and pH regulation; renal and intestinal
glutamine metabolism; cerebral glutamine/ glutamate
interrelationships; skeletal muscle; role of glutamine in cell
culture; and finally the clinical aspects, including the new
outlook of glutamine antagonists in cancer therapy as well as the
role of glutamine in hepatic coma and encephalo- pathy. Some, but
not all, of the contributors to this work attended the 48th
Conference of the Gesellschaft fur Biologische Chemie on glutamine
metabolism held in Gottingen, W. Germany, in September 1983. This
conference was supported by the Stiftung Volkswagenwerk, Dr. H.
Falk Foundation, Freiburg, and the J. Pfrimmer Co. , Erlangen. The
abstracts of the contributions to the conference were published in
Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 364,1237-125,6,1983, and this book
is not intended as the proceedings of that meeting.
The most recent developments in research on hepatic encephalopathy,
inborn hyperammonaemic syndromes and nitrogen metabolism, including
clinical aspects, were presented by international acknowledged
experts in this active research field at the 12th International
Symposium on Hepatic Encephalopathy, which was held from June 1 to
4, 2005 in Solingen, Schloss Burg, Germany. This book
comprehensively summarizes the most important novel issues on
hepatic encephalopathy and nitrogen metabolism and is of interest
not only for scientists in the field, but also for interested
clinicians. This update of present knowledge will provide a
platform for future research in the field of hepatic encephalopathy
and nitrogen metabolism.
Amino acid transport is a part of each of two larger subjects,
amino acid metabolism and the biomembrane transport of various .
small molecules and ions. Nevertheless in this volume we treat
amino acid transport as more than a fragment of either of these two
larger subjects. A more comprehensive approach is justified when we
remember two historic and ongoing aspects of the title subject.
First, amino acid transport had its beginning and acquired a
distinct momentum (even if somewhat interrupted from 1913 until
about 1945) as amino acid metabolism with the central and pioneer
work of Van Slyke and Meyer in 1913. The reviews in this volume
will show that it steadily becomes a larger aspect of amino acid
metabolism, broadly perceived. These chapters will show for how
many organelles, cells, tissues, organs and organ systems, the
transmembrane compartmentations and flows of amino acids play very
large parts in their fundamental biological relations. The authors
here are tending collectively to evaluate an understanding of amino
acid flows across biomernbranes, and the regulation of these flows,
as necessary to an ultimate understanding of the full range of
development and metabolism. Such an understanding goes far beyond
the purely substrate-destabilizing contributions by enzymes, which
have often been arbitrarily limited to that conceptual entity, "the
cell," and which for so long a splendid time had most of
biochemical research attention.
This book is the proceedings of the Falk Symposium No.156 on
?Genetics in Liver Disease?, part of the XIII International Liver
Week 2006 held in Freiburg, Germany, 7 October 2006. The first
section covers the basic aspects of genetic diagnosis,
pharmacogenetics, micro-arrays and their relevance for liver
diseases, including viral hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and
gallstone diseases. In the second section, the most important
hereditary liver diseases are discussed, including haemchromatosis,
Wilson disease, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, porphyrias and
cystic fibrosis. In the third section, the genetics of cholestatic
and metabolic liver diseases as well as the current status of
experimental and clinical studies of gene therapy for liver
diseases and stem cell transplantation are presented. Each section
starts with a State-of-the-Art Lecture which introduces the topic.
In the tradition of the Falk Symposia, this book provides an
exciting overview of the current developments in the field of
genetics of liver diseases, their diagnosis, treatment and
prevention, presented by an international array of outstanding
scientists and clinicians.
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