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This book is an anthology of the results of research and
development in database query processing during the past decade.
The relational model of data provided tremendous impetus for
research into query processing. Since a relational query does not
specify access paths to the stored data, the database management
system (DBMS) must provide an intelligent query-processing
subsystem which will evaluate a number of potentially efficient
strategies for processing the query and select the one that
optimizes a given performance measure. The degree of sophistication
of this subsystem, often called the optimizer, critically affects
the performance of the DBMS. Research into query processing thus
started has taken off in several directions during the past decade.
The emergence of research into distributed databases has enormously
complicated the tasks of the optimizer. In a distributed
environment, the database may be partitioned into horizontal or
vertical fragments of relations. Replicas of the fragments may be
stored in different sites of a network and even migrate to other
sites. The measure of performance of a query in a distributed
system must include the communication cost between sites. To
minimize communication costs for-queries involving multiple
relations across multiple sites, optimizers may also have to
consider semi-join techniques.
Traditionally, the primary cocaine trafficking routes from South
America started at coca farms and laboratories in Colombia,
traversed Mexico and the Caribbean, and ended with dealers and
users in the US. In the last decade, a significant shift has
occurred, with increasing amounts of cocaine travelling through
West Africa to Europe. This shift developed in response to
increased cocaine demand in Europe, successful interdiction of
traditional trafficking routes in the Western Hemisphere, and weak
governance in West Africa. However, the significance of this shift
in narcotrafficking patterns goes far beyond opening a new front in
the "War on Drugs." The hybridization of profit-motivated
transnational organized criminal groups with ideologically-driven
international terrorist networks threatens to accelerate the
destabilization of the nations of West Africa while generating
significant funding for terrorist groups.
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