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This book contains a novel combination of experimental and
model-based investigations, elucidating the complex processes
inside zinc air batteries. The work presented helps to answer which
battery composition and which air-composition should be adjusted to
maintain stable and efficient charge/discharge cycling. In detail,
electrochemical investigations and X-ray transmission tomography
are applied on button cell zinc air batteries and in-house set-ups.
Moreover, model-based investigations of the battery anode and the
impact of relative humidity, active operation, carbon dioxide and
oxygen on zinc air battery operation are presented. The techniques
used in this work complement each other well and yield an
unprecedented understanding of zinc air batteries. The methods
applied are adaptable and can potentially be applied to gain
further understanding of other metal air batteries.
In the decade since President Clinton signed the Personal
Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 into
law--amidst promises that it would "end welfare as we know
it"--have the reforms ending entitlements and moving toward time
limits and work requirements lifted Texas families once living on
welfare out of poverty, or merely stricken their names from the
administrative rolls?
Under welfare reform, Texas has continued with low monthly
payments and demanding eligibility criteria. Many families who
could receive welfare in other states do not qualify in Texas, and
virtually any part-time job makes a family ineligible. In Texas,
most families who leave welfare remain in or near poverty, and many
are likely to return to the welfare rolls in the future.
This compelling work, which follows 179 families after leaving
welfare, is set against a backdrop of multiple types of data and
econometric modeling. The authors' multi-method approach draws on
administrative data from nine programs serving low-income families
and a statewide survey of families who have left welfare. Survey
data on health problems, transportation needs, and child-care
issues shed light on the patterns of employment and welfare use
seen in the administrative data. In their lives after welfare, the
families chronicled here experience poverty even when employed; a
multiplicity of barriers to employment that work to exacerbate one
another; and a failing safety net of basic human services as they
attempt to sustain low-wage employment.
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