How do people understand metaphorical language? How do metaphors affect the way people experience their social interactions? Do people always interpret metaphors? Does a metaphor necessarily have the same meaning to different people? Can a commonplace metaphor affect the way people think even if they don't interpret it? Why does it matter how people interpret metaphors? In this book, Ritchie proposes an original communication-based theory of metaphor that answers these and other questions about metaphors and metaphorical language.

Currently serving as a resource for the National Center for Toxological Research in their work with the Gulf Coast oil spill, this book presents current research conducted primarily by the airforce on the toxic effects of JP-8 jet fuel on the pulmonary, immune, dermal, and nervous systems. In all, the book considers 13 toxicology studies of significance, the results of which are currently shaping US armed services policy. It will enable all of the hydrocarbon industry to make better choices regarding fuel handling. Due to its widespread use, jet fuel is thought to be the largest toxicant exposure risk for U.S. Armed Services personnel. Taking a proactive approach to the potential dangers of repeated human exposure to hydrocarbon fuels, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) sponsored a number of research projects during the last 20 years investigating health effects resulting from specific exposure to JP-8 (Jet Propellant-8). Jet Fuel Toxicology summarizes the newest and most important results of these extensive research programs carried out by hydrocarbon fuel research groups throughout the U.S. Each book chapter highlights one specific research area from the many topical areas comprising jet fuel toxicology. After examining the contents and general action of JP-8, the book looks at how the fuel affects various body functions highlighted by: Effects on daily inhalation on the respiratory system Acute and long-term neurotoxicological and neurobehavioral effects Both local and systemic toxicity following exposure through the skin Immunotoxicity from pulmonary and dermal exposures Genetic damage, as evidenced in studies of the blood and bone marrow of mice In all, the book considers 13 major toxicology areas of study, the results of which will enable all of the hydrocarbon industry to make

The way the brain, body, and mind interact with social structure to shape communication has so far not received the attention it deserves. This book addresses this gap by providing a novel account of communication as a social, biological and neurological force. Combining theories from communication studies and psycholinguistics, and drawing on biological and evolutionary perspectives, it shows how communication is inherently both biological and social, and that language and the neural systems that support it have evolved in response to a complex social environment. It introduces a clear set of terms based on current research, and illustrates key concepts using real-life examples from everyday conversation - speaking to a number of current debates around the evolutionary and biological basis of language, and the relationship between language, cognition, and environment. Thought provoking and engaging, it will change the way we think about the relationship between communication and cognition.

Semiconductor Nanodevices: Physics, Technology and Applications explores recent advances in the field. The behaviour of these devices is controlled by regions of nanoscale dimensions which typically determine the local density of electronic states and lead to the observation of a range of quantum effects with significant potential for exploitation. The book opens with an introduction describing the development of this research field over the past few decades which contrasts quantum-controlled devices to conventional nanoscale electronic devices where an emphasis has often been placed on minimising quantum effects. This introduction is followed by seven chapters describing electrical nanodevices and five chapters describing opto-electronic nanodevices; individual chapters review important recent advances. These chapters include specific fabrication details for the structures and devices described as well as a discussion of the physics made accessible. It is an important reference source for physicists, materials scientists and engineers who want to learn more about how semiconductor-based nanodevices are being developed for both science and potential industrial applications. The section on electrical devices includes chapters describing the study of electron correlation effects using transport in quantum point contacts and tunnelling between one-dimensional wires; the high-frequency pumping of single electrons; thermal effects in quantum dots; the use of silicon quantum dot devices for qubits and quantum computing; transport in topological insulator nanoribbons and a comprehensive discussion of noise in electrical nanodevices. The optical device section describes the use of self-assembled III-V semiconductor nanostructures embedded in devices for a range of applications, including quantum dots for single and entangled photon sources, quantum dots and nanowires in lasers and quantum dots in solar cells.

'Metaphor', a form of figurative language in which one thing or idea is expressed in terms of another, is becoming an increasingly popular area of study, as it is relevant to the work of semanticists, pragmatists, discourse analysts and also those working at the interface of language and literature and in other disciplines such as philosophy and psychology. This book provides a summary, critique and comparison of the most important theories on how metaphors are used and understood, drawing on research from linguistics, psychology and other disciplines. In order to ground the discussion in actual language use, the book uses examples from discourse, including casual conversations, political speeches, literature, humor, religion and science. Written in a non-technical style, the book includes clear definitions, examples, discussion questions and a glossary, making it ideal for graduate-level seminars.

When Hillary Clinton conceded in 2008 that she didn't quite 'shatter the glass ceiling', and when Rick Perry in 2012 called Mitt Romney a 'vulture capitalist', they used abbreviated metaphorical stories, in which stories about one topic are presented as stories about something entirely different. This book examines a wide range of metaphorical stories, beginning with literary genres such as allegories and fables, then focusing on metaphorical stories in ordinary conversations, political speeches, editorial cartoons, and other communication. Sometimes metaphorical stories are developed in rich detail; in other examples, like 'vulture capitalist', they may merely be referenced or implied. This book argues that close attention to metaphorical stories and story metaphors enriches our understanding and is essential to any theory of communication. The book introduces a theoretical structure, which is developed into a theory of metaphorical stories and then illustrates the theory by applying it to actual discourse.

'Metaphor', a form of figurative language in which one thing or idea is expressed in terms of another, is becoming an increasingly popular area of study, as it is relevant to the work of semanticists, pragmatists, discourse analysts and also those working at the interface of language and literature and in other disciplines such as philosophy and psychology. This book provides a summary, critique and comparison of the most important theories on how metaphors are used and understood, drawing on research from linguistics, psychology and other disciplines. In order to ground the discussion in actual language use, the book uses examples from discourse, including casual conversations, political speeches, literature, humor, religion and science. Written in a non-technical style, the book includes clear definitions, examples, discussion questions and a glossary, making it ideal for graduate-level seminars.

Our world has gone mad - politically and otherwise But why and how did it come to this? A wry look at the state of the UK (and beyond), focusing on the appalling standards of governance and leadership we see today, and the ineffectiveness of our myriad institutions. Starting with a review of the 2016 referendum and its aftermath, the author moves on to consider the wider problems we are facing. This includes a close look at the work of our regulatory bodies, who have become a billion pound industry covering everything from regulation of the press to the funding of political parties, and communications to the supply of gas and electricity. The book also considers the dreadful state of the criminal justice system; broadcasting, and the decline of the BBC, as well as asking why overseas aid is frequently sent to undeserving places and spent unwisely in places that need help. This is a revealing investigation into the sheer incompetence of the state we are currently in, and the story of how we got here.

The 18th century was a wealth of knowledge, exploration and rapidly growing technology and expanding record-keeping made possible by advances in the printing press. In its determination to preserve the century of revolution, Gale initiated a revolution of its own: digitization of epic proportions to preserve these invaluable works in the largest archive of its kind. Now for the first time these high-quality digital copies of original 18th century manuscripts are available in print, making them highly accessible to libraries, undergraduate students, and independent scholars.Western literary study flows out of eighteenth-century works by Alexander Pope, Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding, Frances Burney, Denis Diderot, Johann Gottfried Herder, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and others. Experience the birth of the modern novel, or compare the development of language using dictionaries and grammar discourses. ++++The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to insure edition identification: ++++British LibraryT096820London: printed for the author; and sold by him at his shop, 1770. viii,102p.; 8

This project is a deconstruction both of the liberal mechanisms employed by contemporary political founders to approximate their goals, and the grouping of these mechanisms into totalizing wholes which are designed to constitute the terms of social, political and legal organization. In so doing, this book explores the question of whether positivist constitutionalism is sufficient to create and structure a healthy social group. The author maintains that such a reliance on empty formalism is not sufficient to accomplish this task. Ultimately, the author suggests that the organic elements of culture, tradition and social practices of a nation engaged in constitutional formation must be incorporated into a constitution in order for that text to be authentically linked to the forming or re-forming nation.

Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Third Edition brings the excitement of an ever-changing field of science to the fore-front. With the increase in natural disasters in recent years, the burgeoning world population is clearly expanding faster than our disaster reduction technology. This new edition provides a single source on historical earthquakes and volcanic eruptions from throughout the world. Updated with the most current information, this illustrated resource includes not only new geologic events, but also as many examples of historical earthquakes as possible for contrast or comparison. Coverage in the Middle East has been significantly expanded to include recent natural disasters, as well as events such as landslides and avalanches. Also, many tables were added to supplement the content and put the recent disasters into historical context.

Overall, Ritchie provides an excellent introduction to Shannon's theories of communication and the associated ideas concerning information. --Library Quarterly SERIES QUOTE: "The second volume in the series is titled information and the third volume is Gatekeeping. Taking their lead from Chaffee, both Ritchie and Shoemaker carefully explicate the concepts which focus their texts. As is the first volume in the series, these are well-thought out, succinct, and very readable volumes. Additional titles are planned. . . . If the standards set by these three are continued, this promises to be an exciting series which provides clarity and focus to the study of communication." --ETC: A Review of General Semantics Challenging, intriguing, complex--defining information has occupied many of the best minds in the field of communication for half a century. Information seeks to summarize and resolve the difficult issues associated with this endeavor. Ritchie succinctly explains the distinctions among the myriad definitions/understandings of information and why these distinctions are important. Providing a definition for information, he then explores how the concept of information can connect various aspects of the communication process in a coherent way. This analysis ranges across several levels of conceptual usage: technical meaning in engineering; the complex meanings of information; and its metaphorical usage by communication theorists.