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Two lectures given by the medical missionary and explorer David
Livingstone after his return to England from his travels in Africa
(1841-1856) form the core of this book, which was originally
published in 1858, the year when Livingstone set off on the British
Zambezi expedition. The book also contains a biography, a letter
from Adam Sedgwick (then Professor of Geology at Cambridge), and a
thorough appendix covering the scientific results of the journey,
describing the geography, mineralogy, diseases, and the language
and cultural aspects of the peoples Livingstone encountered.
Finally, Livingstone reports on the needs and prospects for further
missionary work in Africa. Although Livingstone himself felt his
calling was now to pursue purely scientific exploration, he hoped
that the lectures and their subsequent publication would encourage
other missionaries to continue his work of evangelisation.
This book provides the scope and complexity of Freud's
contributions and emphasizes the wide proliferation of the Lacanian
approach. It describes psychoanalytical theories, and is helpful
for the readers as a stimulus to independent investigation and
critical thought.
"Brute." "Cockroach." "Lice." "Vermin." People often regard members
of their own kind as less than human, and use terms like these for
those whom they wish to harm, enslave, or exterminate.
Dehumanization has made atrocities like the Holocaust, the genocide
in Rwanda, and the slave trade possible. But it isn't just a relic
of the past. We still find it in war, genocide, xenophobia, and
racism. Smith shows that it is a dangerous mistake to think of
dehumanization as the exclusive preserve of Nazis, communists,
terrorists, Jews, Palestinians, or any other monster of the moment.
We are all potential dehumanizers, just as we are all potential
objects of dehumanization. The problem of dehumanization is
everyone's problem. "Less Than Human" is the first book to
illuminate precisely how and why we sometimes think of others as
subhuman creatures. It draws on a rich mix of history, evolutionary
psychology, biology, anthropology, and philosophy to document the
pervasiveness of dehumanization, describe its forms, and explain
why we so often resort to it. "Less Than Human" is a powerful and
highly original study of the roots of human violence and bigotry,
and it as timely as it is relevant.
Hidden Conversations introduces Robert Langs radical
reinterpretation of psychoanalysis by presenting and expanding his
ideas in new and accessible ways. It is the first clear account of
the theories underlying Langs approach, placing them within the
context of the history of psychoanalysis and showing, for example,
that Freud nearly discovered the communicative approach in the late
1890s, and that in the 1930s Ferenczi also anticipated the method.
David Livingstone Smith illustrates this communicative approach
with a wealth of practical detail and clinical examples, including
verbatim accounts of communicative psychoanalytical sessions with a
commentary on the unconscious processes underlying them.
A leading scholar explores what it means to dehumanize others-and
how and why we do it. "I wouldn't have accepted that they were
human beings. You would see an infant who's just learning to smile,
and it smiles at you, but you still kill it." So a Hutu man
explained to an incredulous researcher, when asked to recall how he
felt slaughtering Tutsis in Rwanda in 1994. Such statements are
shocking, yet we recognize them; we hear their echoes in accounts
of genocides, massacres, and pogroms throughout history. How do
some people come to believe that their enemies are monsters, and
therefore easy to kill? In Making Monsters David Livingstone Smith
offers a poignant meditation on the philosophical and psychological
roots of dehumanization. Drawing on harrowing accounts of
lynchings, Smith establishes what dehumanization is and what it
isn't. When we dehumanize our enemy, we hold two incongruous
beliefs at the same time: we believe our enemy is at once subhuman
and fully human. To call someone a monster, then, is not merely a
resort to metaphor-dehumanization really does happen in our minds.
Turning to an abundance of historical examples, Smith explores the
relationship between dehumanization and racism, the psychology of
hierarchy, what it means to regard others as human beings, and why
dehumanizing others transforms them into something so terrifying
that they must be destroyed. Meticulous but highly readable, Making
Monsters suggests that the process of dehumanization is deeply
seated in our psychology. It is precisely because we are all human
that we are vulnerable to the manipulations of those trading in the
politics of demonization and violence.
Hidden Conversations introduces Robert Langs radical
reinterpretation of psychoanalysis by presenting and expanding his
ideas in new and accessible ways. It is the first clear account of
the theories underlying Langs approach, placing them within the
context of the history of psychoanalysis and showing, for example,
that Freud nearly discovered the communicative approach in the late
1890s, and that in the 1930s Ferenczi also anticipated the method.
David Livingstone Smith illustrates this communicative approach
with a wealth of practical detail and clinical examples, including
verbatim accounts of communicative psychoanalytical sessions with a
commentary on the unconscious processes underlying them.
How Biology Shapes Philosophy is a seminal contribution to the
emerging field of biophilosophy. It brings together work by
philosophers who draw on biology to address traditional and not so
traditional philosophical questions and concerns. Thirteen essays
by leading figures in the field explore the biological dimensions
of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, gender, semantics,
rationality, representation, and consciousness, as well as the
misappropriation of biology by philosophers, allowing the reader to
critically interrogate the relevance of biology for philosophy.
Both rigorous and accessible, the essays illuminate philosophy and
help us to acquire a deeper understanding of the human condition.
This volume will be of interest to philosophers, biologists, social
scientists, and other readers with an interest in bringing science
and the humanities together.
One of the most renowned nineteenth-century British explorers of
Africa, David Livingstone (1813 73) was a medical missionary who
received the Royal Geographical Society gold medal in 1855. His
fame was established by his 1853 6 coast-to-coast exploration of
the African interior, and by the best-selling Missionary Travels
and Researches in South Africa, published upon his return to
England in 1857 (also reissued in this series). Livingstone's last
expedition in search of 'the true source of the Nile', undertaken
in 1866, forms the core of this two-volume travel diary, published
posthumously in 1874. Volume 1 describes his illness-plagued
journey from Zanzibar to Ujiji, in Western Tanzania. It also
records his 1871 encounter with the New York Herald correspondent
and explorer Henry Morton Stanley, who had been dispatched to find
him after Livingstone had been cut off from the outside world for
so long that he was presumed dead.
One of the most renowned nineteenth-century British explorers of
Africa, David Livingstone (1813 73) was a medical missionary who
received the Royal Geographical Society gold medal in 1855. His
fame was established by his 1853 6 coast-to-coast exploration of
the African interior, and by the best-selling Missionary Travels
and Researches in South Africa, published upon his return to
England in 1857 (also reissued in this series). Livingstone's last
expedition in search of 'the true source of the Nile', undertaken
in 1866, forms the core of this two-volume travel diary, published
posthumously in 1874. Volume 2 describes the last two years of his
life, when, after his meeting with the journalist Henry Morton
Stanley in 1871, Livingstone insisted on staying in Africa despite
his poor health. It includes details about his death and the
journey to bring his body back to the British authorities, reported
by Livingstone's attendants Chuma and Susi.
The success of the Victorian explorer and missionary David
Livingstone's first book, Missionary Travels (1857), led to his
receiving government funding in 1858 for an expedition up the
Zambezi River. The trip was expected to last two years, and was
intended to further commercial and scientific as well as missionary
aims. However, owing to internal disagreements, illness (including
the death of Livingstone's wife), drought and tribal warfare, the
explorers' mission took six and a half years and achieved little
apart from collecting plant and geological specimens. The upper
reaches of the Zambesi proved unnavigable owing to rapids and
waterfalls, and the expedition was recalled. This account,
published in 1865 by Livingstone (1813-1873) and his younger
brother Charles, who had accompanied him, was in part an attempt to
excuse the problems which had beset the expedition, and restore
Livingstone's reputation in order to gain backing for further
ventures.
This absorbing narrative by the world famous explorer and Christian
missionary, David Livingstone, (1813 1873) was first published in
1857 after the President of the Royal Geographical Society asked
Livingstone to give a series of public lectures on his travels in
Africa. The book was a great success, but Livingstone reportedly
said 'I think I would rather cross the African continent again than
undertake to write another book'. Livingstone's book describes in
careful detail his travels and work in parts of southern and
central Africa previously unknown to Europeans. It distils the
experiences and observations of sixteen years during which
Livingstone bravely faced the challenges of climate, terrain and
tropical disease, travelling in a small group and adopting a
non-confrontational approach to the local populations. The book
makes fascinating reading for anyone interested in Africa's
indigenous peoples, their customs and languages, animal and plant
life, geology, and mineralogy.
This collection of essays aims to further the understanding of
historical and contemporary geographies of science. It offers a
fresh perspective on comparative approaches to scientific knowledge
and practice as pursued by geographers, sociologists,
anthropologists, and historians of science. The authors explore the
formation and changing geographies of scientific centers from the
sixteenth to the twentieth centuries and critically discuss the
designing of knowledge spaces in early museums, in modern
laboratories, at world fairs, and in the periphery of contemporary
science. They also analyze the interactions between science and the
public in Victorian Britain, interwar Germany, and recent
environmental policy debates. The book provides a genuine
geographical perspective on the production and dissemination of
knowledge and will thus be an important point of reference for
those interested in the spatial relations of science and associated
fields.
The Klaus Tschira Foundation supports diverse symposia, the
essence of which is published in this Springer series
(www.kts.villa-bosch.de).
This collection of essays aims to further the understanding of
historical and contemporary geographies of science. It offers a
fresh perspective on comparative approaches to scientific knowledge
and practice as pursued by geographers, sociologists,
anthropologists, and historians of science. The authors explore the
formation and changing geographies of scientific centers from the
sixteenth to the twentieth centuries and critically discuss the
designing of knowledge spaces in early museums, in modern
laboratories, at world fairs, and in the periphery of contemporary
science. They also analyze the interactions between science and the
public in Victorian Britain, interwar Germany, and recent
environmental policy debates. The book provides a genuine
geographical perspective on the production and dissemination of
knowledge and will thus be an important point of reference for
those interested in the spatial relations of science and associated
fields.
The Klaus Tschira Foundation supports diverse symposia, the
essence of which is published in this Springer series
(www.kts.villa-bosch.de).
The Rwandan genocide, the Holocaust, the lynching of African
Americans, the colonial slave trade: these are horrific episodes of
mass violence spawned from racism and hatred. We like to think that
we could never see such evils again-that we would stand up and
fight. But something deep in the human psyche-deeper than prejudice
itself-leads people to persecute the other: dehumanization, or the
human propensity to think of others as less than human. An
award-winning author and philosopher, Smith takes an unflinching
look at the mechanisms of the mind that encourage us to see someone
as less than human. There is something peculiar and horrifying in
human psychology that makes us vulnerable to thinking of whole
groups of people as subhuman creatures. When governments or other
groups stand to gain by exploiting this innate propensity, and know
just how to manipulate words and images to trigger it, there is no
limit to the violence and hatred that can result. Drawing on
numerous historical and contemporary cases and recent psychological
research, On Inhumanity is the first accessible guide to the
phenomenon of dehumanization. Smith walks readers through the
psychology of dehumanization, revealing its underlying role in both
notorious and lesser-known episodes of violence from history and
current events. In particular, he considers the uncomfortable
kinship between racism and dehumanization, where beliefs involving
race are so often precursors to dehumanization and the horrors that
flow from it. On Inhumanity is bracing and vital reading in a world
lurching towards authoritarian political regimes, resurgent white
nationalism, refugee crises that breed nativist hostility, and
fast-spreading racist rhetoric. The book will open your eyes to the
pervasive dangers of dehumanization and the prejudices that can too
easily take root within us, and resist them before they spread into
the wider world.
How Biology Shapes Philosophy is a seminal contribution to the
emerging field of biophilosophy. It brings together work by
philosophers who draw on biology to address traditional and not so
traditional philosophical questions and concerns. Thirteen essays
by leading figures in the field explore the biological dimensions
of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, gender, semantics,
rationality, representation, and consciousness, as well as the
misappropriation of biology by philosophers, allowing the reader to
critically interrogate the relevance of biology for philosophy.
Both rigorous and accessible, the essays illuminate philosophy and
help us to acquire a deeper understanding of the human condition.
This volume will be of interest to philosophers, biologists, social
scientists, and other readers with an interest in bringing science
and the humanities together.
In Effective Supervision, Robert J. Marzano, Tony Frontier, and
David Livingston show school and district-level administrators how
to set the priorities and support the practices that will help all
teachers become expert teachers. Their five-part framework is based
on what research tells us about how expertise develops. When these
five conditions are attended to in a systematic way, teachers do
improve their skills: A well-articulated knowledge base for
teaching. Opportunities for teachers to practice specific
strategies or behaviors and to receive feedback. Opportunities for
teachers to observe and discuss expertise. Clear criteria for
success and help constructing professional growth and development
plans. Recognition of the different stages of development
progressing toward expertise. The focus is on developing a
collegial atmosphere in which teachers can freely share effective
practices with each other, observe one another's classrooms, and
receive focused feedback on their teaching strategies. The
constructive dynamics of this approach always keep in sight the aim
of enhancing students' well-being and achievement. As the authors
note, ""The ultimate criterion for expert performance in the
classroom is student achievement. Anything else misses the point.
How should we approach the psychological study of religion, and how
relevant is classical psychoanalysis, identified with the writings
of Sigmund Freud, to the understanding of religion? Freud's
writings on religion have been discussed often and continue to
attract attention and debate. Psychoanalysis and Theism starts with
an essay by Adolf Grunbaum, one of the world's leading philosophers
of science and an incisive critic of Freud's work. Grunbaum looks
at Freud's general claims about the psychological mechanisms
involved in religion and finds them lacking. Then, in a surprising
turn, Grunbaum judges some of Freud's interpretations of concrete
religious ideas and practices to be not only cogent, but
indispensable. When it comes to the case of the belief in Virgin
Birth, Grunbaum finds an Oedipal interpretation to be our only
choice. This remarkable essay is the stimulus for a symposium with
nine senior scholars, coming from the fields of philosophy,
psychology, sociology, and psychoanalysis, who present their
critical reflections on how we should study religion, how we should
treat Freud's ideas, and what the future directions in
psychological research on concrete religious behavior should be.
The contributors bring to this effort their varied fields of
expertise, from analytical philosophy to experimental psychology.
Of special interest are essays which deal with the Virgin Birth
doctrine and its possible psychological sources and with the
potential for future psychoanalytic studies of faith and ritual.
Other essays focus on Freud's conscious and unconscious motivations
for studying religion as well as the hidden biases and lacunae
found in the social science literature on religious practices. This
volume adds a unique combination of critical and knowledgeable
voices to the debate on Sigmund Freud's legacy."
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Explorations in Africa
David Livingstone
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Explorations in Africa
David Livingstone
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