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This volume uses osteobiography and individual-level analyses of
burials retrieved from the La Plata River Valley (New Mexico) to
illustrate the variety of roles that Ancestral Pueblo women played
in the past (circa AD 1100-1300). The experiences of women as a
result of their gender, age, and status over the life course are
reconstructed, with consideration given to the gendered forms of
violence they were subject to and the consequences of social
violence on health. The authors demonstrate the utility of a modern
bioarchaeological approach that combines social theories about
gender and violence with burial data in conjunction with
information from many other sources-including archaeological
reconstruction of homes and communities, ethnohistoric resources
available on Pueblo society, and Pueblo women's contemporary
voices. This analysis presents a more accurate, nuanced, and
complex picture of life in the past for mothers, sisters, wives,
and, captives.
Evidence amassed in Troubled Times indicates that, much like in the
modern world, violence was not an uncommon aspect of prehistoric
dispute resolution. From the civilizations of the American
Southwest to the Mesolithic of Central Europe, the contributors
examine violence in hunter-gatherer as well as state societies from
both the New and Old Worlds.
Drawing upon cross-cultural analyses, archaeological data, and
skeletal remains, this collection of papers offers evidence of
domestic violence, homicide, warfare, cannibalism, and ritualized
combat among ancient peoples. Beyond the physical evidence, various
models and explanations for violence in the past are explored.
Evidence amassed in Troubled Times indicates that, much like in the
modern world, violence was not an uncommon aspect of prehistoric
dispute resolution. From the civilizations of the American
Southwest to the Mesolithic of Central Europe, the contributors
examine violence in hunter-gatherer as well as state societies from
both the New and Old Worlds.
Drawing upon cross-cultural analyses, archaeological data, and
skeletal remains, this collection of papers offers evidence of
domestic violence, homicide, warfare, cannibalism, and ritualized
combat among ancient peoples. Beyond the physical evidence, various
models and explanations for violence in the past are explored.
This volume will examine the varied roles that women and children
play in period of warfare, which in most cases deviate from their
perceived role as noncombatants. Using social theory about the
nature of sex, gender and age in thinking about vulnerabilities to
different groups during warfare, this collection of studies focuses
on the broader impacts of war both during warfare but also long
after the conflict is over. The volume will show that during
periods of violence and warfare, many suffer beyond those
individuals directly involved in battle. From pre-Hispanic Peru to
Ming dynasty Mongolia to the Civil War-era United States to the
present, warfare has been and is a public health disaster,
particularly for women and children. Individuals and populations
suffer from displacement, sometimes permanently, due to loss of
food and resources and an increased risk of contracting
communicable diseases, which results from the poor conditions and
tight spaces present in most refugee camps, ancient and modern.
Bioarchaeology can provide a more nuanced lens through which to
examine the effects of warfare on life, morbidity, and mortality,
bringing individuals not traditionally considered by studies of
warfare and prolonged violence into focus. Inclusion of these
groups in discussions of warfare can increase our understanding of
not only the biological but also the social meaning and costs of
warfare.
This volume will examine the varied roles that women and children
play in period of warfare, which in most cases deviate from their
perceived role as noncombatants. Using social theory about the
nature of sex, gender and age in thinking about vulnerabilities to
different groups during warfare, this collection of studies focuses
on the broader impacts of war both during warfare but also long
after the conflict is over. The volume will show that during
periods of violence and warfare, many suffer beyond those
individuals directly involved in battle. From pre-Hispanic Peru to
Ming dynasty Mongolia to the Civil War-era United States to the
present, warfare has been and is a public health disaster,
particularly for women and children. Individuals and populations
suffer from displacement, sometimes permanently, due to loss of
food and resources and an increased risk of contracting
communicable diseases, which results from the poor conditions and
tight spaces present in most refugee camps, ancient and modern.
Bioarchaeology can provide a more nuanced lens through which to
examine the effects of warfare on life, morbidity, and mortality,
bringing individuals not traditionally considered by studies of
warfare and prolonged violence into focus. Inclusion of these
groups in discussions of warfare can increase our understanding of
not only the biological but also the social meaning and costs of
warfare.
Commingled and Disarticulated Human Remains:Working Toward Improved
Theory, Method, and Data brings together research that provides
innovative methodologies for the analysis of commingled human
remains. It has temporal and spatial breadth, with case studies
coming from pre-state to historic periods, as well as from both the
New and Old World. Highlights of this volume include: standardizes
methods and presents best practices in the field using a case study
approach demonstrates how data gathered from commingled human
remains can be incorporated into the overall interpretation of a
site explores best way to formulate population size, using
commingled remains Field archaeologists, bioarchaeologists,
academic anthropologists, forensic anthropologists, zoo
archaeologists, and students of anthropology and archaeology will
find this to be an invaluable resource.
The goal of this monograph is to emphasize with empirical data the
complexity of the relationship between climate change and violence.
Bioarchaeology is the integration of human skeletal remains from
ancient societies with the cultural and environmental context.
Information on mortality, disease, diet and other factors provide
important data to examine long chronologies of human existence,
particularly during periods of droughts and life-threatening
climate changes. Case studies are used to reconstruct the responses
and short and long-term adaptations made by groups before, during
and after dramatic changes in weather and climate. Interpersonal
and group violence is also analyzed. The authors find that while in
some cases there is an increase in trauma and violence, in other
cases there is not. Human groups are capable of avoiding violent
altercations and increasing broad networks of cooperation that help
to mitigate the effects of climate change. A case study from the
U.S. Southwest is provided that shows the variable and surprising
ways that ancient farmers in the past dealt with long term
droughts.
Commingled and Disarticulated Human Remains:Working Toward Improved
Theory, Method, and Data brings together research that provides
innovative methodologies for the analysis of commingled human
remains. It has temporal and spatial breadth, with case studies
coming from pre-state to historic periods, as well as from both the
New and Old World. Highlights of this volume include: standardizes
methods and presents best practices in the field using a case study
approach demonstrates how data gathered from commingled human
remains can be incorporated into the overall interpretation of a
site explores best way to formulate population size, using
commingled remains Field archaeologists, bioarchaeologists,
academic anthropologists, forensic anthropologists, zoo
archaeologists, and students of anthropology and archaeology will
find this to be an invaluable resource.
Bioarchaeology is the analysis of human remains within an
interpretative framework, including a wide range of contextual
information. This comprehensive and much-needed manual provides
both a starting point and a reference for archaeologists working in
this integrative field. The authors cover a range of
bioarchaeological methods and theory including: * Ethical issues
involved in dealing with human remains, specifically related to
NAGPRA * Field and taphonomic clues * Lab and Forensic techniques *
Best practices methods for Excavation techniques * Special
applications of Bioarchaeology * Theoretical frameworks of
Bioarchaeology With case studies from over twenty years each of
bioarchaeological research, the authors integrate theoretical and
methodological discussion with a wide range of field studies, from
different geographic areas, time periods, and data types, to
demonstrate the full scope of this important field of study.
This volume integrates data from researchers in bioarchaeology and
forensic anthropology to explain when and why group-targeted
violence occurs. Massacres have plagued both ancient and modern
societies, and by analyzing skeletal remains from these events
within their broader cultural and historical contexts this volume
opens up important new understandings of the underlying social
processes that continue to lead to these tragedies. In case studies
that include Crow Creek in South Dakota, Khmer Rouge-era Cambodia,
the Peruvian Andes, and northern Uganda, contributors demonstrate
that massacres are a process?a nonrandom pattern of events that
precede the acts of violence and continue long afterward. They also
show how massacres have varying aims and are driven by
culture-specific forces and logic, ranging from small events to
cases of genocide. Many of these studies examine bones found in
mass graves, while others focus on victims whose bodies have never
been buried. Notably, the volume expands widely held definitions of
massacres to include structural violence, featuring the radical
argument that the large-scale death of undocumented migrants in
Arizona's Sonoran Desert should be viewed as an extended massacre.
This volume is the first to focus exclusively on massacres as a
unique form of violence. Its interdisciplinary approach illuminates
similarities in human behavior across time and space, provides
methods for identifying killings as massacres, and helps today's
societies learn from patterns of the past. A volume in the series
Bioarchaeological Interpretations of the Human Past: Local,
Regional, and Global Perspectives, edited by Clark Spencer Larsen.
"The tragedies of violence have seldom been told with such a
compelling use of the biocultural perspective. Building on a solid
methodological foundation, we are served theoretical perspectives
that are unusually rich and nuanced in their application to the
case studies. This collection of case studies is a valuable
contribution to the bioarchaeological literature."--George
Armelagos, Emory University Human violence is an inescapable aspect
of our society and culture. As the archaeological record clearly
shows, this has always been true. What is its origin? What role
does it play in shaping our behavior? How do ritual acts and
cultural sanctions make violence acceptable? These and other
questions are addressed by the contributors to "The Bioarchaeology
of Violence." Organized thematically, the volume opens by laying
the groundwork for new theoretical approaches that move beyond
interpretation; it then examines case studies from small-scale
conflict to warfare to ritualized violence. Experts on a wide range
of ancient societies highlight the meaning and motivation of past
uses of violence, revealing how violence often plays an important
role in maintaining and suppressing the challenges to the status
quo, and how it is frequently a performance meant to be witnessed
by others. The interesting and nuanced insights offered in this
volume explore both the costs and the benefits of violence
throughout human prehistory. Debra L. Martin, Lincy professor of
anthropology at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, is coeditor of
"Troubled Times: Violence and Warfare in the Past." Ryan P. Harrod
is assistant professor of anthropology at the University of Alaska,
Anchorage. Ventura R. Perez is associate professor of anthropology
at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and editor-in-chief of
the online journal "Landscapes of Violence."
Frontiers and territorial borders are places of contested power
where societies collide, interact, and interconnect. Using
bioanthropological case studies from around the world, this volume
explores how people in the past created, maintained, or changed
their identities while living on the edge between two or more
different spheres of influence. Essays in this volume examine
borderland settings in cultural contexts that include Roman Egypt,
Iron Age Italy, eleventh-century Iceland, and the precontact
American Great Basin and Southwest. Contributors look at isotope
data, skeletal stress markers, craniometric and dental metric
information, mortuary arrangements, and other evidence to examine
how frontier life can affect health and socioeconomic status.
Illustrating the many meanings and definitions of frontiers and
borderlands, they question assumptions about the relationships
between people, place, and identity. As national borders continue
to ignite controversy in today's society and politics, the research
presented here is more important than ever. The long history of
people who have lived in borderland areas helps us understand the
challenges of adapting to these dynamic and often violent places. A
volume in the series Bioarchaeological Interpretations of the Human
Past: Local, Regional, and Global Perspectives, edited by Clark
Spencer Larsen
Every year, there are over 1.6 million violent deaths worldwide,
making violence one of the leading public health issues of our
time. And with the 20th century just behind us, it's hard to forget
that 191 million people lost their lives directly or indirectly
through conflict. This collection of engaging case studies on
violence and violent deaths reveals how violence is reconstructed
from skeletal and contextual information. By sharing the complex
methodologies for gleaning scientific data from human remains and
the context they are found in, and complementary perspectives for
examining violence from both past and contemporary societies,
bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology prove to be fundamentally
inseparable. This book provides a model for training forensic
anthropologists and bioarchaeologists, not just in the fundamentals
of excavation and skeletal analysis, but in all subfields of
anthropology, to broaden their theoretical and practical approach
to dealing with everyday violence.
Injury recidivism is a continuing health problem in the modern
clinical setting and has been part of medical literature for some
time. However, it has been largely absent from forensic and
bioarchaeological scholarship, despite the fact that practitioners
work closely with skeletal remains and, in many cases, skeletal
trauma. The contributors to this edited collection seek to close
this gap by exploring the role that injury recidivism and
accumulative trauma plays in bioarchaeological and forensic
contexts. Case examples from prehistoric, historic, and modern
settings are included to highlight the avenues through which injury
recidivism can be studied and analyzed in skeletal remains and to
illustrate the limitations of studying injury recidivism in
deceased populations.
Bioarchaeology is the analysis of human remains within an
interpretative framework that includes contextual information. This
comprehensive and much-needed manual provides both a starting point
and a reference for archaeologists, bioarchaeologists and others
working in this integrative field. The authors cover a range of
bioarchaeological methods and theory including: Ethical issues
involved in dealing with human remains Theoretical approaches in
bioarchaeology Techniques in taphonomy and bone analysis Lab and
forensic techniques for skeletal analysis Best practices for
excavation techniques Special applications in bioarchaeology With
case studies from bioarchaeological research, the authors integrate
theoretical and methodological discussion with a wide range of
field studies from different geographic areas, time periods, and
data types, to demonstrate the full scope of this important field
of study.
Every year, there are over 1.6 million violent deaths worldwide,
making violence one of the leading public health issues of our
time. And with the 20th century just behind us, it's hard to forget
that 191 million people lost their lives directly or indirectly
through conflict. This collection of engaging case studies on
violence and violent deaths reveals how violence is reconstructed
from skeletal and contextual information. By sharing the complex
methodologies for gleaning scientific data from human remains and
the context they are found in, and complementary perspectives for
examining violence from both past and contemporary societies,
bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology prove to be fundamentally
inseparable. This book provides a model for training forensic
anthropologists and bioarchaeologists, not just in the fundamentals
of excavation and skeletal analysis, but in all subfields of
anthropology, to broaden their theoretical and practical approach
to dealing with everyday violence.
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