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This book is concerned with heavy metals, which are considered to
be the most hazardous pollutants present in the water system. Heavy
metals are extensively studied and their effects on human health
are reviewed here. Although several adverse health effects of heavy
metals are known for a long time, exposure to heavy metals
continues and is even increasing in some parts of the world. This
books deals with the source of heavy metals in the environment and
possible mitigation measures for metal recovery. The technology
available for the detection of heavy metals and the latest
remediation techniques are also discussed in detail. In this way,
the book also addresses general background to polymers and their
composite materials for removal of specific toxic heavy metals from
waste water. The different adsorption isotherm models and
adsorption mechanism using biosorption methods are also described.
The widespread applications of low-value agricultural products,
ion-exchange, coagulation, precipitation, flocculation,
ultra-filtration and electrochemical methods are mentioned. The
book reviews the essential issues and will be of interest to
academicians, research scholars and industries. It will be the
precious resource for all undergraduate and postgraduate students
at institutes and universities.
Graphene oxide is a carbon-based material what produces a monolayer
or a few layers of oxygen-functionalized graphene. The number of
layers usually differentiate between graphene oxide and graphite
oxide. Though a multilayer system, graphite oxide monolayer flakes
and few-layer flakes can be found in a graphene oxide dispersion.
Due to the presence of oxygen functionalities, graphene oxide can
easily disperse in various organic solvents including water and is
compatible with a different matrix that dramatically enhances
electrical and mechanical properties when mixed with polymer and
ceramic materials. Graphene oxide possesses a sp2 bonding network.
Graphene oxide can be used as an intermediary in the production of
single layer or few-layer graphene sheets. Graphene oxide can be
reduced in solution and as a thin film using a variety of reducing
conditions, and reduction converts the graphene oxide into a
material that has a large enhancement in electrical conductivity.
Graphene oxide has been used in a variety of applications not
limited to materials science engineering and biotechnology. The
present book describes the advances in research and applications of
graphene oxide; in Chapter One, the general introduction on
graphene oxide is introduced whereas in Chapter Two a broader
summary of laser processing for graphene oxide/transition metal
oxide nanocomposite coatings are described. Chapter Three discusses
a graphene oxide template for the scaffolding transition
metal/metal oxide ingredient. Chapter Four concludes the new
advances in graphene oxide-metal nanocomposites for cancer
theranostics. Chapter Five summarizes graphene oxide membranes as
supercapacitor separators and Chapter Six contains details of
graphene oxide in terms of the advances in research and
applications of membranes. Chapter Seven speaks on the conductivity
of graphene oxide films while Chapter Eight describes the
application of graphene oxide based nanocomposites in heterogeneous
photocatalysis for water purification. Chapter Nine deals with an
immense uprising, detailing the functionalization and fine-tuning
of 2D graphene designed for heterogeneous catalysis to make things
greener. Chapter Ten summarizes graphene oxides for biomedical and
therapeutic applications. Chapter Eleven describes graphene oxide
as an outstanding material for advanced batteries while Chapter
Twelve speaks on behalf of self-assembled graphene oxides and their
different applications. Chapter Thirteen describes the versatile
applications of graphene oxide in the field of nanoelectronic while
Chapter Fourteen concludes this book with details about the design,
fabrication, testing and delivery of graphene oxide in solar energy
storage. This book will be highly beneficial to the researchers
working in the area of graphene oxide, polymer/ceramic chemistry,
materials science, engineering, drug delivery, medicine and
environmental science. It also covers membrane and super capacitors
with their advanced applications. This book also provides a
platform for all researchers to carry out graphene oxide research
and the advances in the area. The book also covers recent
fundamentals, advancements and newer prospects about the future
research in graphene oxides.
Biopolymers such as cellulose, lignin, starch, pectin, chitin,
xylan, etc. are copiously available in nature in the form of plant
biomass. They have been used for various applications such as
biofuels, nanobiocomposites, biomedicine, etc. Biopolymers have
unique antimicrobial properties, and are thus used for food
packaging. The field of biomaterials is interdisciplinary and
includes chemistry, biology and medicine. There are different ways
to apply biopolymers for the benefit of our society. Although
natural polymers are cheap and available in large quantities, it is
still difficult to utilise their potentials. Still, there are
challenges to develop new methodologies for the efficient and
economic utilisation of these biopolymers. Consequently, the
modification of these materials is the focus of recent scientific
research. These modifications improve the various properties of
biopolymers required for specific applications. Modifications
improve heat, moisture resistance, solubility in water,
sustainability, flexibility, compatibility, biodegradability, etc.
Biopolymers modified by blending shows considerable improvement in
the impact resistance of brittle polymers. Biopolymer systems
containing particles with one or more dimensions in the nanometer
scale are called bionanocomposites, a special class of materials
possessing unique thermal stability, fire resistance, mechanical
and optical properties. Bionanocomposites have been effectively
used in controlled drug delivery, food packaging, etc.
Polymers have generated considerable interest in a large number of
technologically important fields such as human healthcare systems.
Polymers represent a very important domain of materials and have
become an integral part of day to day human life. Polymers exist in
nature; they have been and continue to be an integral part of the
universe. This book is intended for scientists and researchers to
use in their research or in their professional practice in polymer
chemistry and its biomedical applications. Multiple biological,
synthetic and hybrid polymers are used for multiple medical
applications. A wide range of different polymers are available, and
they have the advantage to be tunable in physical, chemical and
biological properties and in a wide range to match the requirements
of specific applications. This book gives a brief overview about
the introduction and developments of polymers for different
applications. The biomedical polymers comprise not only bulk
materials, but also coatings and pharmaceutical nano-carriers for
drugs. The surface modification of the inorganic nanoparticles with
a physically or chemically end-tethered polymer chain has been
employed to overcome the problems associated with the polymers.
Chemically attached polymer chains not only stabilize the inorganic
nanoparticles, but also lead to photosensitivity, bioactivity,
biocompatibility and pharmacological properties in the composites.
Polymer encapsulated silica nanocomposites (mesoporous) have
potential applications in different fields, such as optics,
bio-catalysis, microelectronics bone tissue engineering, coatings
cosmetics, inks, agriculture, drug release systems, diagnoses,
enzyme imaging, temperature-responsive materials, and
thermosensitive vehicles for cellular imaging. Polymer grafted
nanosized particles are known to have excellent properties such as
good dispersion ability in solvents and polymer matrices.
Polymer-based controlled drug delivery systems have some specific
advantages, such as improved efficiency and reduced toxicity. The
incorporation of a thermoresponsive polymer layer often enhances
protein absorption and specific biomolecular tagging through
hydrogen bonding. As a result, the nanocomposite gets cleared from
the body at a faster rate (blood residence becomes low). This book
is composed of fourteen edited chapters; it is intended for
scientists and researchers to use in their research or in their
professional practice in polymer chemistry and its biomedical
applications.
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