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Infrastructure provision remains the definitive measure of
development around the world, yet engineers often only get involved
in the creation of infrastructure after the important planning
decisions have already been made. This is an introduction to the
principles and procedures necessary for infrastructure planning in
rapidly developing regions. It covers the technical methods
required in planning for infrastructure provision from base-line
studies and problem definition through to the specification for a
set of projects. The book also discusses the political factors that
affect the decision making process and demonstrates, through case
studies, how the technical and political perspectives come together
in the finished plan.
the present book entitled "variation in occurrence of Arbuscular
Mycorrhizal fungi" clearly indicated the existence of variation in
their occurrence, association and diversity in Arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi species with respect to different group of crops
viz., cereals, pulses, spices and vegetables studied during kharif
and rabi season.AM symbiosis is the oldest, most important and
ubiquitously associated with the large majority of plant families
in different ecosystem across the world, ranging from the tropic or
arctic alpine habitats to masic and arid habits.AM fungi benefit
their host principally by increasing uptake of relatively immobile
phosphate ion, nutrients such as zinc, phosphorus and copper. Its
transport and absorption can also increase biomass production in
soil with low potassium, calcium and magnesium.Other benefit to the
host that have been identified include: improved drought
resistance, increased tolerance to salinity and heavy metals,
increased resistance to soil pathogens and folior feeding insects
Wireless sensor networks offer various novel applications. Sensor
nodes are the simplest devices in the Wireless sensor network but
have an important place in meeting environmental challenges when
incorporated with applications in multiple fields.Wireless sensor
are networks of smart nodes that sense and also have potential to
control the resources if programmed so. Reliability for sensor node
applications plays a major role in a wireless sensor network. Our
experiment based on a malicious sensor node for finding the effect
on the technical efficiency of the node processor having auto
correlation problem formed by altering the code of the application
for the node. Result confirms that an alteration in the code of the
application for the node severely affects the technical efficiency
of the node processor.
This project is very useful in industries to eliminate the
harmonics. In any industries like thermal power plant, hydral power
plant the producing supply is 50 hz frequency a.c supply purely
sinusoidal, but it is reached to our home its become multiple
frequency and it creates a harmonics. using this project we can
eliminate the harmonics at the supply it self, it is possible to
reduce the harmonics at the supply level.because of harmonics lot
of losses are developed, because of this losses reliability is
reduced, device life time will be reduces so by using the active
power filter we can reduce the harmonics and maintain power factor
unity. here we are using the hysteresis current controlled
technique to generate the gating signals to turn on the inverter
then inverter acts as a filter than it produces some compensating
currents to canceled out the harmonics.
Multimillion dollar poultry industry, always face the threats from
emerging/ re-emerging poultry diseases. A major element of disease
resistance is the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and has
regions i.e. B-F, B-L and B-G. BF2 is a predominantly expressed
class I gene. Red jungle fowl (RJF) is the sole ancestor of all the
present day chicken. The divergence between RJF and domestic
chicken is presumed to have originated some 8000 years back. During
the 8000 years, the chicken genome has undergone tremendous changes
due to intentional selection. There is a general consensus among
the animal breeders that many traits/alleles, especially related to
adaptability are lost during intense selection. Hence, comparative
genomic studies of the RJF and its present day domesticated
descendents would answer many of these apprehensions on unequivocal
terms. Hence, our aim is to characterize the BF2 gene in RJF.
Validation is defined as the establishing of documented evidence
which provides a high degree of assurance that a planned process
will consistently perform according to the intended specified
outcomes. Validation studies are performed for analytical tests,
equipment, facility systems such as air, water, steam, and for
processes such as the manufacturing processes, cleaning,
sterilization, sterile filling, lyophilization, etc. There will be
a separate validation for the lyophilizer as an equipment item and
for the lyophilization process; for the cleaning of glassware and
the cleaning of the facility; and for the sterilization process and
for the sterility test. Every step of the process of manufacture of
a drug product must be shown to perform as intended. Validation
studies verify the system under test under the extremes expected
during the process to prove that the system remains in control.
Once the system or process has been validated, it is expected that
it remains in control, provided no changes are made. In the event
that modifications are made, or problems occur, or equipment is
replaced or relocated, revalidation is performed.
Photovoltaics are one of the essentials for future energy
requirements for sure but in the present time bulky silicon based
cells are also asking to be replaced with some new technologies.
Organic solar cells are one of the answers. We need to model these
devices accurately so that we may precisely understand the
obstacles in further development of these cells. This book explains
various aspects of organic solar cell modelling.
Today in biotechnology large number of research is going on and
most of them basically related with improving any variety of plant
or animal by inserting a foreign gene with economically important
characteristics but sometimes it can be improve by increase gene
product or making product storage to a particular body part or
product . All such things can be done only if we use a specific DNA
sequence called promoter. In simple words promoter is as important
as clutch during starting a bike along with kick. Promoter can be
located near or within the coding region and help in initiating
transcription, determining the level and place of gene where it is
going to express. This book provide a vast knowledge of promoter
under simple and short topics specially related to promoter role in
transcription, promoter types and regulation of promoter by various
factors along with evolutionary importance of promoter.
The CAPM model which was developed by Sharpe (1964), Lintner
(1965), and Black (1972) was largely supported by Black, Jensen and
Scholes (1972), Fama and Macbeth (1973) and Blume and Friend
(1973). Later this method was questioned on various grounds. Our
book mainly focuses on the estimation of 19 PSBs and PSFIs returns
for the period of 1998-2010 using the CAPM frame work. Further this
paper compares the CAPM returns with that of the Annual Market
Returns (AMR). We have selected these PSBs and PSFs on the basis of
the companies quoted in the BSE stock Exchange in India for the
period 1998-2010. The study states that most of the companies
scrips are undervalued and have not rewarded the investors
properly.
Science is an art of living being and engineering are sub-branches
of science.By the use of scientific knowledge at the nano-scale
phenomenon and by the application of engineering at the nano-scale
we are able to design nano-devices, nano-machines etc. In earlier
days biology was applicable only in medicine field. Today there is
a need to start the program from biological and engineering
students to take active part in nano-science. By the application of
nano-science we can save human life. From few years there is an
great achievement in the living and educational standard in society
by the implications of Nano-science and Nano-Technology.
Nano-science is in great demand due to an interdisciplinary area,
inter and intra engineering, physics, medicine and basic sciences.
Is it really a connection between nano-science engineering and
human being.Applications of nano-science and nanotechnology are in
every area of daily life.
Scale up is generally defined as the process of increasing batch
size. In process scale up a formula is transformed into a viable,
robust product by the development of a reliable and practical
method of manufacturing that effect the orderly transition from
laboratory to routine processing in a full-scale production
facility. It must include a close examination of the formula to
determine its ability to withstand batch-scale and process
modification. So process scale up of Metformin HCL tablet includes
Trial Batches, Exhibit Batches and Validation Batch. After these
batches produce large scale up Metformin HCL Tablets. During the
scale up process controls are evaluated, valuated and finalized in
addition, appropriate records and report are issued to support good
manufacturing practices and to provide the historical development
of the production, formulation, process equipments train, and
specification.
With the advent of miniaturization in communication electronics
frequency independent antenna has inherent property like light
weight, low volume, conformability, planar configuration. High
gain, low mismatch, low radiation loss, wide bandwidth and narrow
beam width. Its wide range of application such as satellite
communication, point-to-point communication, high speed, space
vehicles etc. Narrow bandwidth is the only drawback of the
log-periodic antenna and it limits their wide spread use. To
overcome its inherent limitation of narrow impedance bandwidth,
many techniques have been developed for improving bandwidth. An
attempt has been made to enhance the bandwidth of the traditional
LPA by using some techniques. The design investigation of
trapezoidal tooth log-periodic antenna, planar log-periodic
antenna, folded slot LPA, active microstrip LPA and wire folded LPA
is presented different frequencies. Single layer structure with
wideband operation is also analyzed in the present work.
The 21th century has been called century of biotechnology. It is
the field at the cutting edge of science. The exponential increase
in the quantity of scientific information and the rate, at which
new discoveries were made, requires very elaborate,
interdisciplinary and update information and their understanding.
DNA Sequencing and Gene Cloning - An introduction covers various
topics related with DNA sequencing and amplification in vivo and in
vitro, updated knowledge of types of DNA sequencing and their
applications. In Gene Cloning section it contain all aspects
related to it including how gene cloning is important and at which
step it is important in molecular project. This book also contains
some mathematical conversions which are important for a biology
lab. So that this book is very fruitful to all students who like to
get information about sequencing and DNA amplification in vitro and
in vivo environment.
A new curriculum, and then a book based upon that, always seeks
evaluation. The book should not only be attractive and interesting,
but also upto the mark with the age level of students,
appropriateness of content, relevance, utility, etc. Every new book
should be thoroughly evaluated before it is given a place in list
of textbook or suggestive readings or after introducing in a
course. An exercise for evaluating a textbook has been presented in
the current book. For this purpose, a textbook for class IX
Mathematics, introduced in schools, has been selected. The study
goes through explaining various aspects of evaluating the book. It
makes an effort to see the book through the lenses of teachers as
well as students. The book looks forward to place teachers not just
as mere followers of the book introduced, but as reflectors, too,
upon various aspects of the book.
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