This report summarizes a joint workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine and National Research Council with Fundacao Maria Cecilia Souto Vidigal in November 2014 in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The workshop presentations and discussions highlighted efforts made to scale program investments across health, education, nutrition, and social protection that aim to improve children's developmental potential. Speakers explored four topics around scaling up program investments: impact, scalability, sustainability, and governance. Participants shared their experiences scaling up programs and implementing early childhood services into a comprehensive national policy. Scaling Program Investments for Young Children Globally synthesizes up-to-date evidence on effective programs and interventions in Latin America and other regions, including an account of their strengths and challenges. This report highlights the presentations and discussions of the event. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 No Small Matter: The Importance of Investing in Young Children Globally 3 Grand Challenges for Investing in Young Children Globally 4 Evidence of Impact at Scale 5 Maintaining Quality at Scale 6 Perspectives on Governance 7 Components of Scaling and Sustainability 8 A Way Forward Appendix A: Acronyms Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers

Violence against women and children is a serious public health concern, with costs at multiple levels of society. Although violence is a threat to everyone, women and children are particularly susceptible to victimization because they often have fewer rights or lack appropriate means of protection. In some societies certain types of violence are deemed socially or legally acceptable, thereby contributing further to the risk to women and children. In the past decade research has documented the growing magnitude of such violence, but gaps in the data still remain. Victims of violence of any type fear stigmatization or societal condemnation and thus often hesitate to report crimes. The issue is compounded by the fact that for women and children the perpetrators are often people they know and because some countries lack laws or regulations protecting victims. Some of the data that have been collected suggest that rates of violence against women range from 15 to 71 percent in some countries and that rates of violence against children top 80 percent. These data demonstrate that violence poses a high burden on global health and that violence against women and children is common and universal. Preventing Violence Against Women and Children focuses on these elements of the cycle as they relate to interrupting this transmission of violence. Intervention strategies include preventing violence before it starts as well as preventing recurrence, preventing adverse effects (such as trauma or the consequences of trauma), and preventing the spread of violence to the next generation or social level. Successful strategies consider the context of the violence, such as family, school, community, national, or regional settings, in order to determine the best programs. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction Part I: Workshop Overview 2 The Co-Occurrence of Child Maltreatment and Intimate Partner Violence 3 Paradigm Shifts and Changing Social Norms in Violence Prevention 4 The State of Prevention Research in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 5 Violence Prevention Among Multiple Sectors Part II: Papers and Commentary from Workshop Speakers 6 Papers on Research in Preventing Violence Against Women and Children 7 Papers on Global Partnerships and Government Initiatives 8 Papers on Preventive Interventions Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Speaker Biographical Sketches Appendix C: Planning Committee Biographical Sketches Appendix D: Forum Member Biographical Sketches

In September 2014, the Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education and the Forum on Public-Private Partnerships for Global Health and Safety of the Institute of Medicine convened a workshop on empowering women and strengthening health systems and services through investing in nursing and midwifery enterprise. Experts in women's empowerment, development, health systems' capacity building, social enterprise and finance, and nursing and midwifery explored the intersections between and among these domains. Innovative and promising models for more sustainable health care delivery that embed women's empowerment in their missions were examined. Participants also discussed uptake and scale; adaptation, translation, and replication; financing; and collaboration and partnership. Empowering Women and Strengthening Health Systems and Services Through Investing in Nursing and Midwifery Enterprise summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. This report highlights examples and explores broad frameworks for existing and potential intersections of different sectors that could lead to better health and well-being of women around the world, and how lessons learned from these examples might be applied in the United States. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction PART I 2 Women's Empowerment 3 Strengthening Health Systems PART II 4 Nursing and Midwifery Education and Enterprise 5 Country Perspectives 6 Innovations and Organizational Strategies to Strengthen Health Systems 7 Social Enterprise and Investment in Health PART III 8 Transferability of Models and Lessons Learned 9 Models for the United States and the Larger Global Context Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Speaker Biographical Sketches Appendix C: List of Participants Appendix D: Innovations in the Provision of Health Services Using Empowered Nurses and Midwives in the Philippines--Oscar F. Picazo, Valerie Gilbert T. Ulep, Ida Pantig, Danica Ortiz, Melanie Aldeon, and Nina Ashley de la Cruz

In January 2014, the Board on Children, Youth, and Families of the Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council, in collaboration with the IOM Board on Global Health, launched the Forum on Investing in Young Children Globally. At this meeting, the participants agreed to focus on creating and sustaining, over 3 years, an evidence-driven community of stakeholders that aims to explore existing, new, and innovative science and research from around the world and translate this evidence into sound and strategic investments in policies and practices that will make a difference in the lives of children and their caregivers. Financing Investments in Young Children Globally is the summary of a workshop hosted by the Forum on Investing in Young Children Globally in August 2014. This workshop, on financing investments for young children, brought together stakeholders from such disciplines as social protection, nutrition, education, health, finance, economics, and law and included practitioners, advocates, researchers, and policy makers. Presentations and discussions identified some of the current issues in financing investments across health, education, nutrition, and social protection that aim to improve children's developmental potential. This report explores issues across three broad domains of financing: (1) costs of programs for young children; (2) sources of funding, including public and private investments; and (3) allocation of these investments, including cash transfers, microcredit programs, block grants, and government restructuring. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 The Case for Financing Investments in Young Children 3 Financing for Outcomes and Equity 4 Lessons on Financing Investments from India 5 Building Equitable Costing Models 6 Cash Transfers and Affordability 7 Models of Financing Structures 8 Linking Financing and Outcomes in Early Childhood Development References Appendix A: Abbreviations and Acronyms Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers Appendix D: Poster Session Abstracts

In the last 25 years, a major shift has occurred in the field of violence prevention, from the assumption that violence is inevitable to the realization that violence is preventable. As we learn more about what works to reduce violence, the challenge facing those who work in the field is how to use all of this new information to rapidly deploy or enhance new programs. At the same time, new communications technologies and distribution channels have altered traditional means of communications, and have made community-based efforts to prevent violence possible by making information readily available. How can these new technologies be successfully applied to the field of violence prevention? On December 8-9, 2011, the IOM's Forum on Global Violence Prevention held a workshop to explore the intersection of violence prevention and information and communications technology. The workshop - called "mPreventViolence" - provided an opportunity for practitioners to engage in new and innovative thinking concerning these two fields with the goal of bridging gaps in language, processes, and mechanisms. The workshop focused on exploring the potential applications of technology to violence prevention, drawing on experience in development, health, and the social sector as well as from industry and the private sector. Communication and Technology for Violence Prevention: Workshop Summary is the report that fully explains this workshop.

The past 25 years have seen a major paradigm shift in the field of violence prevention, from the assumption that violence is inevitable to the recognition that violence is preventable. Part of this shift has occurred in thinking about why violence occurs, and where intervention points might lie. In exploring the occurrence of violence, researchers have recognized the tendency for violent acts to cluster, to spread from place to place, and to mutate from one type to another. Furthermore, violent acts are often preceded or followed by other violent acts. In the field of public health, such a process has also been seen in the infectious disease model, in which an agent or vector initiates a specific biological pathway leading to symptoms of disease and infectivity. The agent transmits from individual to individual, and levels of the disease in the population above the baseline constitute an epidemic. Although violence does not have a readily observable biological agent as an initiator, it can follow similar epidemiological pathways. On April 30-May 1, 2012, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Forum on Global Violence Prevention convened a workshop to explore the contagious nature of violence. Part of the Forum's mandate is to engage in multisectoral, multidirectional dialogue that explores crosscutting, evidence-based approaches to violence prevention, and the Forum has convened four workshops to this point exploring various elements of violence prevention. The workshops are designed to examine such approaches from multiple perspectives and at multiple levels of society. In particular, the workshop on the contagion of violence focused on exploring the epidemiology of the contagion, describing possible processes and mechanisms by which violence is transmitted, examining how contextual factors mitigate or exacerbate the issue. Contagion of Violence: Workshop Summary covers the major topics that arose during the 2-day workshop. It is organized by important elements of the infectious disease model so as to present the contagion of violence in a larger context and in a more compelling and comprehensive way. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction Part I: Workshop Summary 2 Patterns of Transmission of Violence 3 Processes and Mechanisms of the Contagion of Violence 4 The Role of Contextual Factors in the Contagion of Violence 5 Contagion and Interruption in Practice Part II: Papers and Commentary from Speakers Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Glossary Appendix C: Speaker Biographical Sketches

After the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and subsequent anthrax mailings, the U.S. government prioritized a biosurveillance strategy aimed at detecting, monitoring, and characterizing national security health threats in human and animal populations, food, water, agriculture, and the environment. However, gaps and challenges in biosurveillance efforts and integration of biosurveillance activities remain. September 8-9, 2011, the IOM held a workshop to explore the information-sharing and collaboration processes needed for the nation's integrated biosurveillance strategy. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Overview 2 Experiences of Federal Agencies 3 State and Local Experiences 4 Outside Perspectives 5 Discussion of a Scenario 6 Concept of Operations References Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Speaker Biographies Appendix C: Planning Committee Biographies Appendix D: Standing Committee on Health Threats Resilience

Measuring the social and economic costs of violence can be difficult, and most estimates only consider direct economic effects, such as productivity loss or the use of health care services. Communities and societies feel the effects of violence through loss of social cohesion, financial divestment, and the increased burden on the healthcare and justice systems. Initial estimates show that early violence prevention intervention has economic benefits. The IOM Forum on Global Violence Prevention held a workshop to examine the successes and challenges of calculating direct and indirect costs of violence, as well as the potential cost-effectiveness of intervention.

Smallpox was a devastating disease that decimated human populations for centuries, and its eradication in 1980 was a monumental achievement for the global health community. Since then the remaining known strains of its causative agent, variola virus, have been contained in two World Health Organization (WHO)-approved repositories. In 1999, the World Health Assembly (WHA) debated the issue of destroying these remaining strains. Arguments were presented on the need to retain the live virus for use in additional important research, and the decision to destroy the virus was deferred until this research could be completed. In that same year, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) convened a consensus committee to explore scientific needs for the live virus. In the ten years since the first IOM report, the scientific, political, and regulatory environments have changed. In this new climate, the IOM was once again tasked to consider scientific needs for live variola virus. The committee evaluated the scientific need for live variola virus in four areas: development of therapeutics, development of vaccines, genomic analysis, and discovery research. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Overview of Smallpox and Its Surveillance and Control 3 Comparative Poxvirology 4 Animal Models Using Variola and Other Orthopoxviruses 5 Genomic Analysis 6 Development of Therapeutics 7 Development of Vaccines 8 Methods for Detection and Diagnosis 9 Discovery Research 10 Conclusions and Recommendations Appendix: Variola Strains Used to Validate Diagnostic and Detection Assays