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While some argue that trade liberalization has raised incomes and
led to environmental protection in developing countries, others
claim that it generates neither poverty reduction nor
sustainability. The detailed case studies in this book demonstrate
that neither interpretation is universally correct, given how much
depends on specific policies and institutions that determine
a??on-the-grounda?? outcomes. Drawing on research from six
countries around the developing world, the book also presents the
unique perspectives of researchers at both the worlda??s largest
development organization (The World Bank) and the worlda??s largest
conservation organization (World Wildlife Fund) on the debate over
trade liberalization and its effects on poverty and the
environment. The authors trace international trade rules and events
down through national development contexts to investigate
on-the-ground outcomes for real people and places. The studies
underscore the importance of evaluating trade from a perspective
that pays attention to environmental and social vulnerability and
understands the linkages between poverty reduction and
environmental protection. The lessons drawn provide a critical
first step in developing the appropriate response options needed to
ensure that trade plays a positive role in promoting truly
sustainable development. Academics and students in environmental
economics, development economics and agriculture, as well as
policymakers and those in development institutions will appreciate
this groundbreaking work.
This book explores recent experiences in the effort to bring about
a Green Revolution in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The chapters focus
on rice and maize, which are promising and strategic smallholder
crops. Significantly, we find that an African Rice Revolution has
already begun in many irrigated areas, using Asian-type modern
varieties, chemical fertilizer, and improved management practices.
Further, we find that the same technological package significantly
increases the productivity and profitability of rice farming in
rainfed areas as well. We also find evidence that that management
training, when done well, can boost productivity on smallholder
farms. This suggests that African governments can accelerate the
pace of Africa's Rice Revolution by strengthening extension
capacity. The story for maize is wholly different, where most
farmers use local varieties, apply little chemical fertilizer, and
obtain very low yields. However, in the highly populated highlands
of Kenya, a number of farmers have adopted high-yielding hybrid
maize varieties and chemical fertilizer, as was the case in the
Asian Green Revolution, apply manure produced by stall-fed cows, as
was the case during the British Agricultural Revolution, and keep
improved cows or cross-breeds from European cows and local stock,
as was the case of the Indian White Revolution. We conclude that
while rice in Africa has benefited from an Asian Green Revolution
strategy that emphasizes modern seeds, inputs, and focused
knowledge transfers, the success of Africa's Maize Revolution will
require a different system approach based on hybrid maize, chemical
and organic fertilizers, and stall-fed cross-bred cows.
This volume explores the usefulness of the Asian model of
agricultural development for Africa, where, even before the recent
world food crisis, half the population lived on less than on dollar
a day, and a staggering one in three people and one third of all
children were undernourished. Africa has abundant natural
resources; agriculture provides most of its jobs, a third of
national income and a larger portion of total export earnings.
However the levels of land and labor productivity rank among the
worst in the world. The book explains Africa's productivity gap and
proposes ways to close it, by examining recent experience in Africa
and by drawing on lessons from Asia.
This volume explores the usefulness of the Asian model of
agricultural development for Africa, where, even before the recent
world food crisis, half the population lived on less than on dollar
a day, and a staggering one in three people and one third of all
children were undernourished. Africa has abundant natural
resources; agriculture provides most of its jobs, a third of
national income and a larger portion of total export earnings.
However the levels of land and labor productivity rank among the
worst in the world. The book explains Africa s productivity gap and
proposes ways to close it, by examining recent experience in Africa
and by drawing on lessons from Asia.
This book explores recent experiences in the effort to bring about
a Green Revolution in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The chapters focus
on rice and maize, which are promising and strategic smallholder
crops. Significantly, we find that an African Rice Revolution has
already begun in many irrigated areas, using Asian-type modern
varieties, chemical fertilizer, and improved management practices.
Further, we find that the same technological package significantly
increases the productivity and profitability of rice farming in
rainfed areas as well. We also find evidence that that management
training, when done well, can boost productivity on smallholder
farms. This suggests that African governments can accelerate the
pace of Africa's Rice Revolution by strengthening extension
capacity. The story for maize is wholly different, where most
farmers use local varieties, apply little chemical fertilizer, and
obtain very low yields. However, in the highly populated highlands
of Kenya, a number of farmers have adopted high-yielding hybrid
maize varieties and chemical fertilizer, as was the case in the
Asian Green Revolution, apply manure produced by stall-fed cows, as
was the case during the British Agricultural Revolution, and keep
improved cows or cross-breeds from European cows and local stock,
as was the case of the Indian White Revolution. We conclude that
while rice in Africa has benefited from an Asian Green Revolution
strategy that emphasizes modern seeds, inputs, and focused
knowledge transfers, the success of Africa's Maize Revolution will
require a different system approach based on hybrid maize, chemical
and organic fertilizers, and stall-fed cross-bred cows.
Following the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, countries
took up the difficult task of finding a common approach that would
slow down the build-up of greenhouse gas emissions in the
atmosphere and delay changes to the planet's climate. A widespread
concern among many of the participants in the newly formed United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was that the
emission reductions needed to significantly affect climate change
would cost so much that it could jeopardize the chances of a
coordinated international solution. To address this concern,
several flexible mechanisms were designed, including the CDM.While
many applaud the CDM, others are concerned with its performance and
achievements, and whether or not it will be continued beyond 2012.
Critics argue, among other things, that it has not delivered on the
sustainable development objective for which it was established and
that projects are unevenly distributed, both geographically and
sectorally.Much analysis is available on CDM, but very little
comprehensive analysis, addressing various aspects of CDM is
available. With a major decision for its continuation, a
multi-dimensional analysis would be needed. This book is about the
economic assessment of certain (not certain) CDM performances, and
its future sustainability and trajectory.
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