This book addresses major problem in the management of patients with cancer of the head and neck. The authors have written six chapters of particular importance for head and neck cancer diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. Chapter 1 describes treatment of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head. Chapter 2 presents treatment of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the neck. Biochemical studies of head and neck cancer treatments are presented in Chapter 3. In chapter 4 biochemical studies of head and neck cancer biomarkers are presented. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) exploits light interactions and photosensitizers to induce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) uses the phenomenon of photosensitizer emitting fluorescence to distinguish some tumours from normal tissue. PDT offers a therapeutic solution that has been found to be cost-effective compared to palliative major surgery or chemotherapy. However, despite the significant improvement noted in preclinical and clinical trials, PDT is still not considered the standard treatment option for head and neck cancer. Multiple photosensitizers have been studied and tumours have been treated in a variety of head and neck sites over the last 30 years. Photodynamic therapy is a palliative treatment option for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients which induces local inflammation and alters tumour cell morphology.

In this book Characterization of Archaeological Materials by the Use of Light the authors tried to demonstrate the high degree of technology used in laser scanning for archaeological sites. The data collection and review were obtained thanks to the conscious, proprietary data processing and individual knowledge of lidar products, by using the developed especially for archaeological analytical tools, visualization methods data and algorithms processing the point cloud, numerical models and their derivatives. The authors form an interdisciplinary team, they are both archaeologists and laser physicists. This book has four chapters titled: Aerial Laser Scanning, Laser in the conservation of archaeological monuments, Laser analysis of the chemical composition of ceramics and Laser applications to study various solid materials. We presents Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) such as an advanced method of archaeological prospection. Inthe last few years an increasing number of applications of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data within World archaeology was noticed. At the same time, ALS is an extremely useful method for conservation purposes. On the other hand, carrying out successive measurements allows for monitoring of facilities, sites and landscapes over time. Along with the growing interest in the method and the growing number of its applications in archaeology, it is worth paying attention to the efficiency of using the ALS and LIDAR.

This book provides a current review of the problem of heavy metal removal. Microorganisms and microbial activity in environments of water and soil are presented in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 covers current knowledge about photoactive materials based on porphyrins. This book reports the manner in which plants interact with heavy metals dependent mainly on the type of contamination, species of plant as well as conditions. The book presents biological strategies for the elimination of heavy metals from polluted habitatsaphytoextraction, phytostabilization, phytodegradation, phytostimulation, phytovolatilization and phytofiltration. Also included are analytical methods to determine heavy metals in water such as atomic absorption spectrometry, electrochemical methods, colorimetric and chromatographic techniques.

The opening chapter of The Essential Guide to Magnetic Resonance presents applications of Fluorine-19 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (19F MRI) in cancer research, tissue metabolomics, quantification of drug delivery, cellular tracking, tissue pH measurements and detection of 19F labeled cells. The authors review in vitro research applying 19F MRI and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) to facilitate the synthesis, tracking and visualization of new fluorinated drug conjugates. 19F MRI also provides high contrast in vivo images due to the absence of an endogenous 19F signal, 100% natural abundance of 19F, and a chemical shift range of over 400 ppm. Afterwards, examples of current methods of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided photodynamic therapy are presented. Recent development of MRI detectable nanoparticle constructs, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) sensors, gadolinium based photosensitizers and europium singlet oxygen probes are discussed. In addition, applications of Functional MRI using a blood oxygen dependent level (BOLD) MRI in monitoring photodynamic action are addressed, with the goal of informing researchers about the potential for using MRI guided photodynamic therapy and oxygen dosimetry. The applications of MRI within the sphere of pharmacy are analyzed; in particular, the use of MRI to track pharmaceuticals in vitro and in vivo noninvasively and monitoring their controlled-release. Functional MRI for noninvasive clinical brain imaging is explored as it is applied to studies of autism, schizophrenia, epilepsy Alzheimers disease, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury and blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) imaging of brain function. An overview of the scope of MRI as a diagnostic technique in neurology and in neurosurgery is also provided.

This Guide presents the study of medicinal plants and organic chemistry, forming a bridge between the biology and chemistry of medicinal plants by studying complex chemical interactions. The book consists of 45 chapters, each describing one medicinal plant with figures. We present species of herbaceous and woody plants found on various continents and in various habitats, presenting their various adaptations to the environment. The book contains information about plants' range, appearance, and biological and ecological characteristics, and the descriptions are enriched with surprising curiosities. The book also contains data on the plants' life spans and flowering periods. Plants used as spices, plants that have no flowers, forest and meadow plants, and plants with medicinal and poisonous properties are described. The reader will learn about the properties of medicinal plants characteristic for each season. This book shows the beauty of plants used in medicine, with their richness of shape, colour and fragrance.