The hydrological cycle of the Arctic Ocean has intimate and complex linkages to global climate: changes in one affect the other, usually with a feedback. The combined effects of large river runoff, advection of meteoric water, low evaporation rates and distillation by freezing contribute to the formation of a strong halocline in the upper Arctic ocean, which limits thermal communication between the sea ice and the warmer waters of Atlantic origin below. Sea ice and freshened surface waters are transported from the marginal seas by winds and currents, ultimately exiting the Arctic Ocean through Fram and Davis Straits. Variations in the freshwater outflow from these regions affect the density structure of the Arctic Ocean itself and so the surface heat balance. Another feedback is the effect these variations have on the density profile of the water column in the Greenland and Labrador seas where, at present, convection takes place mixing surface waters downwards with those at greater depth. This downward convective motion produces dense deep waters that flow outwards from these two centres and affect the entire North Atlantic.

An update of and answer to Industry, Policy and the Scottish Economy (published in 1984), this book critically examines the shape of the Scottish economy, and considers contemporary and future policy issues within the context of the global economy. Supported by the Royal Bank of Scotland, Scottish Enterprise, and Strathclyde International Business Unit, the book focuses on the future competitiveness of Scotland's economy, and its industries and enterprises. The contributors are leading figures in business, the public sector, and academia.

-Offers an interdisciplinary, five-lesson module using project- and problem-based learning to help seventh grade students investigate the health, social, and economic impacts of GMO production and consumption, designed to infuse real-world learning into K-12 classrooms. -Written and developed for seventh grade teachers, the book offers lesson plans guiding students to research different aspects of GMO production and consumption, analyze various sources of research, and share their findings by creating a documentary. -Anchored in the Next Generation Science Standards, the Common Core State Standards, and the Framework for 21st Century Learning, which can be used in full or in part to meet the needs of districts, schools and teachers charting a course toward an integrated STEM approach.

What if you could challenge your eleventh graders to come up with a design solution for developing, managing, and utilizing mineral resources? With this volume in the STEM Road Map Curriculum Series, you can! Mineral Resources outlines a journey that will steer your students toward authentic problem solving while grounding them in integrated STEM disciplines. Like the other volumes in the series, this book is designed to meet the growing need to infuse real-world learning into K-12 classrooms. This interdisciplinary, three-lesson module uses project- and problem-based learning to help students develop an in-depth understanding of mineral resources by researching the utility and impact of particular mineral resources on society. Working in teams, students will locate quantitative and qualitative data on mineral resources and discern the reliability of the information, then use their data to write an opinion article and develop a website to convince readers of the effectiveness of a particular design solution for developing, managing, and utilizing mineral resources. To support this goal, students will do the following: Explain how mineral resources are located and used in various ways in society. Explain why mineral resources are important to society. Critically evaluate quantitative and qualitative data about mineral resources. Write an opinion article demonstrating their knowledge about competing design solutions for extracting mineral resources. The STEM Road Map Curriculum Series is anchored in the Next Generation Science Standards, the Common Core State Standards, and the Framework for 21st Century Learning. In-depth and flexible, Mineral Resources can be used as a whole unit or in part to meet the needs of districts, schools, and teachers who are charting a course toward an integrated STEM approach.

-Offers an interdisciplinary, four-lesson module using project- and problem-based learning to help tenth-grade students connect their existing knowledge about energy production and its effects on the natural environment to create innovations in renewable sources of energy based on research evidence. -Written and developed for tenth-grade teachers, the book offers lesson plans challenging students to draw from different academic disciplines to design an innovative way to meet society's energy needs and to develop a pitch to market their innovation, focusing on how the innovation will optimize human experiences while being mindful of the natural environment. -Anchored in the Next Generation Science Standards, the Common Core State Standards, and the Framework for 21st Century Learning, which can be used in full or in part to meet the needs of districts, schools and teachers charting a course toward an integrated STEM approach.

-Offers an interdisciplinary, three-lesson module using project- and problem-based learning to help ninth-grade students investigate different epochs and time periods of the Earth's formation. -Written and developed for ninth grade teachers, the book offers lesson plans guiding students to identify, define and describe the attributes scientists use to delineate Earth's eras, periods, and epochs, in order to determine the appropriate boundary event to define the Anthropocene Epoch, and to develop a publication-ready textbook entry for an Earth science textbook. -Anchored in the Next Generation Science Standards, the Common Core State Standards, and the Framework for 21st Century Learning, which can be used in full or in part to meet the needs of districts, schools and teachers charting a course toward an integrated STEM approach.

The objective of this book is to provide recent information on neural regulation in the endocrine system in vertebrates. Classical studies have revealed that certain neurons synthesize and release chemical messengers into the vascular system. These neurons are endocrine devices that link the brain with the endocrine glands and other target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the seat for chemical coordination and integration of en- vironmental and hormonal cues to modulate function of the pituitary gland, and conse- quently, the functions of other endocrine glands. Exciting information generated during the past few decades has resulted in profound alterations in the conceptual fabric of endo- crinology. From the wealth of information that emerged on neuropeptides of the central nervous system, and on the other connectivities of various brain centers, its has become clear that several extra-hypothalamic sites are also involved in regulation of hypophysial hormones. The brain has assumed a greater importance in the regulation of the endocrine sys- tem. However, recent studies have revealed varying degrees of functional autonomy in hy- pophysial hormone secretion, which may be due to intrapituitary cytokines. Although gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a key regulator of gonadotropin secretion, there exists a GnRH receptor diversity in vertebrates such as the receptor presence in can- cer cells. Recent studies have demonstrated the multifactorial nature of the neuroendo- crine factors involved in growth hormone regulation in fish. On the other hand, in birds, thyrotropin-releasing hormone plays a major role in growth hormone release.

Current approaches to the archaeological understanding of permanence and transience in the early modern period, Can we approach European expansion to the Americas and elsewhere without colonial triumphalism? A research strategy which automatically treats early establishments overseas as embryonic colonies produces predictable results: in retrospect, some were, some were not. The approach reflected in the essays collected here does not exclude an interest in colonialism as an enduring practice, but the focus of the volume is population mobility and stability. Post-medieval archaeology has much to contribute to our understanding of the gradual drift of ordinary people - the cast of thousands, anonymous or almost-forgotten behind the famous names of history. The main concern of the articles here is the post-medieval expansion of the English-speaking world to North America, particularly Newfoundland and the Chesapeake, but the volume includes perspectives on Ireland and New France also. While most attend to the movement of Europeans, interactions with Native peoples, using the Labrador Inuit as a case study, are not neglected. PETER E. POPE was University Research Professor and former Head of the Department of Archaeology at Memorial University in St John's, Newfoundland; SHANNON LEWIS-SIMPSON researches aspects of cultural identity and interaction in the Viking-Age North Atlantic. She lectures part-time at Memorial University. Contributors: Eliza Brandy, Mark Brisbane, Amanda Crompton, Bruno Fajal, Amelia Fay, David Gaimster, Mark Gardiner, Barry Gaulton, William Gilbert, Audrey Horning, Carter C. Hudgins, Silas Hurry, Evan Jones, Neil Kennedy, Eric Klingelhofer, Hannah E.C. Koon, Brad Loewen, Nicholas Luccketti, James Lyttleton, Tania Manuel Casimiro, Paula Marcoux, Natascha Mehler, Greg Mitchell, Sarah Newstead, Stephane Noel, Jeff Oliver, Steven E. Pendery, Peter E. Pope, Peter Ramsden, Lisa Rankin, Amy St John, Beverley Straube, Eric Tourigny, James A. Tuck, Giovanni Vitelli,

-Offers an interdisciplinary, three-lesson module using project- and problem-based learning to help students create an action plan to address issues of energy consumption and climate change, exploring the topic at both local and global levels by working with international student partners. -Written and developed for twelfth grade/high school teachers, the book offers lesson plans guiding students to gather and analyze data on energy consumption and climate change in their communities, share those findings with international student partners and publish their results on an international blog, and to design and present an action plan (including a white paper and presentation) that explores the issues locally and internationally. -Anchored in the Next Generation Science Standards, the Common Core State Standards, and the Framework for 21st Century Learning, which can be used in full or in part to meet the needs of districts, schools and teachers charting a course toward an integrated STEM approach.

Science and engineering practices tend to be more difficult to teach and monitor for student progress than content knowledge, because practices are skill based. This book presents tangible ways for teacher educators and teachers to design learning environments that involve student goal setting, monitoring, and reflection on their performance of science and engineering practices. It models ways teachers can support effective learning behaviors and monitor student progress in science and engineering practices. It also presents practical ways to set up preservice teacher instruction and inservice teacher professional development that address both self-regulated learning and science and engineering practices. Educational research designs are presented from qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods traditions that investigate student and teacher engagement with science and engineering practices through self-regulated learning.

-Offers an interdisciplinary, three-lesson module using project- and problem-based learning to help kindergarten students investigate and reduce human impact on the environment, designed to infuse real-world learning into K-12 classrooms. -Written and developed for kindergarten teachers, the book offers lesson plans guiding students to investigate various types of pollution, participate in a classroom recycling program, and share their scientific findings in a publication. -Anchored in the Next Generation Science Standards, the Common Core State Standards, and the Framework for 21st Century Learning, which can be used in full or in part to meet the needs of districts, schools and teachers charting a course toward an integrated STEM approach.

-Offers an interdisciplinary, four-lesson module using project- and problem-based learning to help students devise a model for counting populations of a given species on Earth and develop a formal presentation of their models for consideration -Written and developed for middle school teachers, the book offers lesson plans guiding students to examine species’ ecosystems, explore global populations with an economic and geographical lens, take on the role of an urban planner considering the consequences of population density and overpopulation, and share relevant literature -Anchored in the Next Generation Science Standards, the Common Core State Standards, and the Framework for 21st Century Learning

-Offers an interdisciplinary, four-lesson module using project- and problem-based learning to help students devise a model for counting populations of a given species on Earth and develop a formal presentation of their models for consideration -Written and developed for middle school teachers, the book offers lesson plans guiding students to examine species’ ecosystems, explore global populations with an economic and geographical lens, take on the role of an urban planner considering the consequences of population density and overpopulation, and share relevant literature -Anchored in the Next Generation Science Standards, the Common Core State Standards, and the Framework for 21st Century Learning

-Offers an interdisciplinary, four-lesson module using project- and problem-based learning to help students use the engineering design process (EDP) to design and create prototypes of compost systems -Written and developed for elementary school teachers, the book offers lesson plans guiding students to synthesize their learning about biotic and abiotic factors, decomposition, and engineering design into full-scale models -Anchored in the Next Generation Science Standards, the Common Core State Standards, and the Framework for 21st Century Learning

-Offers an interdisciplinary, four-lesson module using project- and problem-based learning to help students use the engineering design process (EDP) to design and create prototypes of compost systems -Written and developed for elementary school teachers, the book offers lesson plans guiding students to synthesize their learning about biotic and abiotic factors, decomposition, and engineering design into full-scale models -Anchored in the Next Generation Science Standards, the Common Core State Standards, and the Framework for 21st Century Learning

Featuring a team of over thirty STEM education professionals from across the United States, the updated and revised edition of this landmark book provides an integrated STEM curriculum encompassing the entire K-12 spectrum, with complete grade-level learning based on a spiraled approach to building conceptual understanding. Taking into account the last five years of evolution in STEM education, the second edition includes an increased focus on computer science, computational thinking, mathematics, and the arts, as well as cultural relevance and addressing the needs of diverse learners and underrepresented students. Divided into three main parts - Conceptualizing STEM, STEM Curriculum Maps, and Building Capacity for STEM - each section is designed to build common understandings of integrated STEM, provide rich curriculum maps for implementing integrated STEM at the classroom level, and offer supports to enable systemic transformation to an integrated STEM approach. Written for teachers, policymakers, and administrators, this second edition is fully updated to account for the needs of K-12 learners in the innovation age. STEM Road Map 2.0 enables educators to implement integrated STEM learning into their classroom without the need for extensive resources, empowering educators and supporting students.

-Offers an interdisciplinary, eight-lesson module using project- and problem-based learning to help students explore the potential role of renewable and non-renewable energy sources in transportation, with an emphasis on the auto industry, designed to infuse real-world learning into K-12 classrooms. -Written and developed for eighth grade/middle school teachers, the book offers lesson plans guiding students to learn about renewable and non-renewable energy resources, identify the impact of human activities on the biosphere via the lens of the auto industry, develop a plan for a competitive automobile racing team to fuel a vehicle with minimal environmental impact, and share that work in a presentation and visual display. -Anchored in the Next Generation Science Standards, the Common Core State Standards, and the Framework for 21st Century Learning, which can be used in full or in part to meet the needs of districts, schools and teachers charting a course toward an integrated STEM approach.

-Offers an interdisciplinary, eight-lesson module using project- and problem-based learning to help students explore the potential role of renewable and non-renewable energy sources in transportation, with an emphasis on the auto industry, designed to infuse real-world learning into K-12 classrooms. -Written and developed for eighth grade/middle school teachers, the book offers lesson plans guiding students to learn about renewable and non-renewable energy resources, identify the impact of human activities on the biosphere via the lens of the auto industry, develop a plan for a competitive automobile racing team to fuel a vehicle with minimal environmental impact, and share that work in a presentation and visual display. -Anchored in the Next Generation Science Standards, the Common Core State Standards, and the Framework for 21st Century Learning, which can be used in full or in part to meet the needs of districts, schools and teachers charting a course toward an integrated STEM approach.

-Offers an interdisciplinary, three-lesson module using project- and problem-based learning to help students create an action plan to address issues of energy consumption and climate change, exploring the topic at both local and global levels by working with international student partners. -Written and developed for twelfth grade/high school teachers, the book offers lesson plans guiding students to gather and analyze data on energy consumption and climate change in their communities, share those findings with international student partners and publish their results on an international blog, and to design and present an action plan (including a white paper and presentation) that explores the issues locally and internationally. -Anchored in the Next Generation Science Standards, the Common Core State Standards, and the Framework for 21st Century Learning, which can be used in full or in part to meet the needs of districts, schools and teachers charting a course toward an integrated STEM approach.

By the late nineteenth century, the city of Raleigh was a vibrant cultural center of the Southeast. Through changing fortunes, the city has continued to grow and prosper by overcoming adversity and maintaining the strong, independent culture of its citizens. With a selection of fine historic images from their best-selling Historic Photos of Raleigh-Durham, Dusty Wescott and Kenneth E. Peters provide a valuable and revealing historical retrospective on the growth and development of Raleigh. Remembering Raleigh captures this journey through still photography selected from the finest archives. From the city’s earliest days to recent times, Remembering Raleigh follows life, government, education, and events throughout the city’s history. This volume captures unique and rare scenes through the lens of more than a hundred historic photographs. Published in vivid black-and-white, these images communicate historic events and everyday life of two centuries of people building a unique and prosperous city.

-Offers an interdisciplinary, three-lesson module using project- and problem-based learning to help kindergarten students investigate and reduce human impact on the environment, designed to infuse real-world learning into K-12 classrooms. -Written and developed for kindergarten teachers, the book offers lesson plans guiding students to investigate various types of pollution, participate in a classroom recycling program, and share their scientific findings in a publication. -Anchored in the Next Generation Science Standards, the Common Core State Standards, and the Framework for 21st Century Learning, which can be used in full or in part to meet the needs of districts, schools and teachers charting a course toward an integrated STEM approach.

-Offers an interdisciplinary, four-lesson module using project- and problem-based learning to help tenth-grade students connect their existing knowledge about energy production and its effects on the natural environment to create innovations in renewable sources of energy based on research evidence. -Written and developed for tenth-grade teachers, the book offers lesson plans challenging students to draw from different academic disciplines to design an innovative way to meet society's energy needs and to develop a pitch to market their innovation, focusing on how the innovation will optimize human experiences while being mindful of the natural environment. -Anchored in the Next Generation Science Standards, the Common Core State Standards, and the Framework for 21st Century Learning, which can be used in full or in part to meet the needs of districts, schools and teachers charting a course toward an integrated STEM approach.

-Offers an interdisciplinary, five-lesson module using project- and problem-based learning to help seventh grade students investigate the health, social, and economic impacts of GMO production and consumption, designed to infuse real-world learning into K-12 classrooms. -Written and developed for seventh grade teachers, the book offers lesson plans guiding students to research different aspects of GMO production and consumption, analyze various sources of research, and share their findings by creating a documentary. -Anchored in the Next Generation Science Standards, the Common Core State Standards, and the Framework for 21st Century Learning, which can be used in full or in part to meet the needs of districts, schools and teachers charting a course toward an integrated STEM approach.