The revolutions around the globe in the 19th century have had an enormous impact on the course of history. To help students better understand the major developments in the tumultuous 19th century and their impact on the 20th century, this unique resource offers detailed description and expert analysis of the 19th century's most important events: The Napoleonic Era, the Congress of Vienna and the Age of Metternich, the Latin American Wars of Independence, the Reform Bill of 1832, the Revolutions of 1848, the Emancipation of the Russian Serfs, the Meiji Restoration, the Unification of Germany, Marxism and the Rise of Socialism, and Imperialism. Each of the ten events is dealt with in a separate chapter. Designed for students, the unique format features an introductory essay that presents the facts, followed by an interpretive essay that places the event in a broader context and promotes student analysis.

The introductory essay provides factual material about the event in a clear, concise, chronological manner that makes complex history understandable. The interpretive essay, written by a recognized authority in the field in a style designed to appeal to a general readership, explores the short-term and far-reaching ramifications of the event. An annotated bibliography identifies the most important and recent scholarship about each event. A full-page photo of each event complements the narrative. This volume contains four useful appendices: a glossary of names, events, and terms; a timeline of important events in 19th-century world history; the comparative population of selected countries in the 19th century; and countries colonized during the Imperial Scramble of 1870-1914. This work is an ideal addition to the high school, community college, and undergraduate reference shelf, as well as excellent for supplementary reading in social studies and world history courses.

A quaint idea in the 1890s, the Olympic Games are now the foremost sporting event in the world. Information on the winners and medals abounds, but this unique book provides information on the events surrounding the Olympics--political controversies, scandals, tragedies, economic issues, and peripheral incidents. Covering specific games from the 1896 Olympics in Athens to the 2002 games in Salt Lake City, this volume also presents plans for the 2004 Athens games, 2006 Turin games, and the 2008 summer games. Enhanced with new illustrations, this book includes sections on both the Summer and Winter Games. Chronologically arranged entries cover each of the games, while appendixes provide further information, including details about the Olympic committees. Bibliographic information is provided with the entries, as well as in a general bibliography. A full subject index makes this volume the ideal reference for anyone interested in the colorful history and scope of the Olympics.

From the settlement of the earliest peoples in the Americas to the close of the seventeenth century, enormous changes took place in what was to become the continental United States. To help students understand this sweep of history, this unique resource provides detailed description and expert analysis of the ten most important events through the seventeenth century: First Encounters, c. 40,000 BCE - 1492 AD; The Expedition of Coronado, 1540-1542; The Founding of St. Augustine, 1565; Early English Colonization Efforts, c. 1584-1630; Early European-Native American Encounters, 1607-1637; The Introduction of Slavery into America, 1619; The Surrender of New Amsterdam, 1664; King Philip's War, 1675-1676; The Glorious Revolution in America, 1688-1689; and The Salem Witch Trials, 1692. Each event is dealt with in a separate chapter. The examination goes beyond traditional textbook treatment of history by considering the immediate and far-reaching ramifications of each event. Each chapter features an introductory essay that presents the facts of the event in a clear, chronological manner that makes complex history understandable. This essay is followed by an interpretive essay, written by a recognized authority in the field in a style designed to appeal to a general readership and promote critical thinking, that places the event in a broader context and assesses it in terms of its political, economic, sociocultural, and international significance.

With an illustration and an annotated bibliography for each event, a glossary of names, events, and terms of the period, a timeline of important events in American history through the seventeenth century, "Events That Changed America Through the Seventeenth Century" is an ideal addition to the high school, community college, and undergraduate reference shelf, as well as excellent supplementary reading in social studies and American history courses.

Except for the twentieth century, the period from the late Middle Ages through the sixteenth century witnessed the most significant developments in the history of the world. From the expulsion of the Muslims from Spain, through the flowering of the Renaissance, the religious strife of the Reformation, and the attempts by great empires to conquer their own continent and expand into the New World, the enormous political, religious, and social change took place on every continent of the globe are examined. These events and their impact have been carefully described and analyzed in this useful student resource. The events covered are: the "Reconquista" in Spain, the Renaissance, the Hundred Years' War, the Ming Dynasty Comes to Power, the Age of European Expansion Begins, the Development of Movable Type, the Fall of Constantinople, the Conquest of the New World, the Protestant Reformation, and the Spanish Armada.

An introductory essay provides factual material about the event in a clear, concise, and chronological manner that makes complex history understandable. An interpretive essay, written by a recognized authority in the field, explores the short-term and long-term ramifications of the event. Each chapter concludes with a helpful annotated bibliography of further reading. A glossary, timeline of events, and table of ruling houses and dynasties across the globe provide additional reference value. "Events That Changed the World Through the Sixteenth Century" is an ideal addition to the high school, community college, and undergraduate reference shelf, as well as excellent supplementary reading for social studies and world history courses.

Designed to help students better understand the vitally important historical events of 18th century American history, this volume in the acclaimed series presents 10 major events in separate chapters. From the Great Awakening early in the century to Jefferson's Revolution of 1800, each chapter goes beyond the traditional textbook treatment of history by considering the immediate and far-reaching ramifications of each event. Events covered are: The Great Awakening, The Era of Salutary Neglect, The French and Indian War, The Stamp Act, The Boston Tea Party, The Declaration of Independence, The American Revolution, The Constitutional Convention, The XYZ Affair, and The Revolution of 1800.

Each chapter features an introductory essay that presents the facts of the event, followed by an interpretive essay that places the event in a broader context and promotes student analysis. The introductory essay provides factual material in a clear, concise, chronological manner that makes complex history understandable. The interpretive essay, written by a recognized authority in the field and written in a style designed to appeal to a general readership, assesses the event in terms of its political, economic, sociocultural, and international/diplomatic significance. With its emphasis on factual details and interpretive analysis, an illustration, and an annotated bibliography for each event, a glossary of names, events, and terms of the period, a timeline of important events in eighteenth-century history, and a table of the population of the colonies and selected colonial towns, "Events That Changed America in the Eighteenth Century" is an ideal addition to the high school, community college, and undergraduate reference shelf, as well as excellent supplementary reading in social studies and American history courses.

It was the age of empire and the dawn of political and scientific revolution. The seventeenth century brought about enormous changes in the global political landscape and in the understanding of the principles of science. From this dynamic century, often fraught with upheaval and bustling with fascinating historical actors, several key events are treated by recognized experts in the field. These important events include, among others:

The age of the great Russian tsars, Indian moguls, and Japanese shoguns

The beginning of a four-century dynasty in China

The reign of Louis XIV

The expansion of the Ottoman Empire

England's Glorious Revolution

The Founding of Jamestown

The Thirty Years' War

The Scientific Revolution

To help students understand the major developments of the seventeenth century and their impact on our own time, this unique resource offers detailed description and expert analysis of the century's most important events.

Each of the events is covered in a separate chapter. An introductory essay provides factual materials about the event in a clear, concise, and chronological manner that makes complex history understandable. An interpretive essay, written by a recognized authority in the field, then explores the short-term and far-reaching ramifications of the event. With an annotated bibliography, full-page illustrations, a timeline of important events, a listing of ruling houses and dynasties of the period, and a glossary of names, events, and terms of the seventeenth century, "Events That Changed the World in the Seventeenth Century" is an ideal addition to the high school, community college, and undergraduate reference shelf, as well as excellent supplementary reading for social studies and world history courses.

In the year 1800 the United States was a fledgling nation. By the time the century ended we had expanded westward exponentially, stamped our imprint as the major power in the Western hemisphere, revolutionized our economy from agriculture to manufacturing, and suffered the schism of a civil war that nearly brought the nation as conceived by our forefathers to an end. To help students better understand the cataclysmic changes of this century, this unique resource offers detailed description and expert analysis of the most important 19th-century events in America: the Louisiana Purchase, the War of 1812, the Monroe Doctrine, Jacksonian Democracy, Abolition, the war with Mexico, the Civil War, the Industrial Revolution, the closing of the frontier, and the Spanish-American War.

Each of these events is dealt with in a separate chapter. A factual introductory essay provides clear, concise information in chronological order. The interpretive essay, written in a widely appealing style by a recognized authority, then places each event in a broader context and explores the short-term and far-reaching ramifications of the event. A selected bibliography that follows identifies the most important and recent scholarship about the event. A full-page photo or illustration of each event portrays a visual component to the narrative. The volume contains three useful appendices: a glossary of names, events, and terms; a timeline of important events in 19th-century American history; and a list of 19th-century U.S. presidents, vice presidents, and secretaries of state. This work is an ideal addition to the high school, community college, and undergraduate reference shelf, as well as excellent supplementary reading in social studies and American history courses.

Unprecedented changes mark the American experience in the twentieth century--global and contained wars, great technological innovations, and enormous social changes. To help students better understand the major developments in this tumultuous century and our future direction as a nation, it is imperative to reflect on the century's seminal events and their lasting impact. Designed for students, this unique resource offers detailed description and expert analysis of the most important twentieth century events in America: Progressivism, World War I, the Great Depression, World War II, the development of atomic energy, the Cold War, the Civil Rights and women's rights movements, the rise of television, the Vietnam War, and the Reagan revolution.

Each of the ten events is dealt with in a separate chapter. A unique format features an introductory essay that presents the facts, followed by an interpretive essay that places the event in a broader context and promotes student analysis. The introductory essay provides factual material about the event in a clear, concise, chronological manner that makes complex history understandable. The interpretive essay, written by a recognized authority in the field in a style designed to appeal to a general readership, assesses the event in terms of its political, economic, sociocultural, and international/diplomatic significance. Some essays validate the norm, while others challenge conventional wisdom; all reflect the most recent scholarship concerning the event. Each interpretive essay is followed by an annotated bibliography that identifies the most important and most recent scholarship about the event. A photo of each event offers a visual component to the narrative. A timeline of important events in twentieth-century American history, glossary of names, events, and terms, and list of twentieth-century Presidents, Vice-Presidents, and Secretaries of State complete the work. This work is perfect for the high school, community college, and undergraduate library reference shelf and as supplementary reading in social studies and world history courses.

Warfare on three continents, empire building, and revolution--political, agricultural, and industrial--dominate 18th-century world history. In Europe royal dynasties formed, fought major wars that carved up the map of Europe and the Americas, and began the great colonial expansion that dominated the next century. But the 18th century also ushered in the Enlightenment, which fired the imagination of Europeans, and the Industrial and Agricultural Revolutions, which changed society and work forever. To help students better understand the major developments of the 18th century and their impact on 19th- and 20th-century history, this unique resource offers detailed description and expert analysis of the 18th century's most important events: Peter the Great's Reform of Russia; the War of the Spanish Succession; the First British Empire; the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War; the Enlightenment; the Agricultural Revolution; the American Revolution; the Industrial Revolution; the Slave Trade; and the French Revolution.

Each of the ten events is dealt with in a separate chapter. Designed for students, this unique format features an introductory essay that presents the facts, followed by an interpretive essay that places the event in a broader context and promotes student analysis. The introductory essay provides factual material about the event in a clear, concise, and chronological manner that makes complex history understandable. The interpretive essay, written by a recognized authority in the field in a style designed to appeal to general readership, explores the short-term and far-reaching ramifications of the event. An annotated bibliography identifies the most important recent scholarship about each event. A full-page illustration complements the narrative for each event. Three useful appendices include: a glossary of names, events, and terms; a timeline of important events in 18th-century world history; and a listing of ruling houses and dynasties of 18th-century Europe. This work is an ideal addition to the high school, community college, and undergraduate reference shelf, as well as excellent supplementary reading for social studies and world history courses.

This unique resource describes and evaluates ten of the most important events in British history between the Norman Conquest of 1066 and the Glorious Revolution of 1689 and its aftermath. A full chapter is devoted to each event, and each chapter includes an introduction presenting factual information in a clear, chronological order. Longer, interpretive essays explore the short-term and far-reaching ramifications of the events. Coverage for each event also includes an annotated bibliography of works suitable for students and a full-page illustration. A glossary of terms, a timeline of British history up to 1714, and a chronological list of ruling houses and monarchs help students to better understand the major developments in modern British history, along with their significance and long-term impact.

The foremost sporting event in the world, the Olympic Games have grown from a quaint idea in the 1890s to a major world happening. This unique book shows the historical context in which each of the Olympic Games has taken place. Divided into sections on the Summer Games and the Winter Games, the book includes chronologically arranged entries on each of the games since 1896. Entries focus on such information as site selection, political questions, controversies, collateral events, changes in programming, and political and economic consequences of the games--all information that is not available in other reference works on the Olympics.

Once again the Olympic flame will burn in the U.S.A. as Atlanta, GA, hosts the 1996 Summer Olympic Games, marking the 100th anniversary of the Modern Olympic Movement. The first Games of the Modern Era were celebrated in Athens in 1896 and have grown from a quaint idea in the 1890s to a major world happening. It is a testament to the founders of the games that the ideals upon which the Olympic Movement was founded have continued throughout the years and will be carried into the next century in Sydney, Australia. Valued for their idealism and revered for the moral code they demonstrate in heroic sporting contests, the Olympic Games are the foremost sporting event in the world. Divided into sections on the Summer Games and the Winter Games, this unique reference work shows the historical context in which each of the Olympic Games has taken place. The book includes chronologically arranged entries on each of the games from 1896 to the Centennial games planned for 1996, and the Olympic Games planned for 1998 in Nagano, Japan, and 2000 in Sydney. Entries focus on such information as site selection, political questions, controversies, collateral events, changes in programming, and political and economic consequences of the games--all information that is not available in other reference works on the Olympics.

Adding another dimension, the appendixes provide biographical profiles of the members of the International Olympic Committee and an entry on the United States Olympic Committee. The volume also provides information on Olympic films and a general bibliography.

"Statesmen Who Changed the World" provides extensive essays on more than 70 statesmen of the Western world, covering the time period from the 15th century to the present. Some of the statesmen included were heads of state; others held ministerial positions in foreign affairs; a few were neither heads of state nor foreign ministers. All influenced or changed the world in which they lived.

Each essay includes a thorough and insightful biographical sketch covering the subject's life and career with particular emphasis on the subject's involvement in international affairs. In addition, each essay provides a bibliographical essay describing the available archival materials, works written by and about the subject, and the most recent scholarship. It concludes with a bibliographical checklist. Appendixes include glossaries of terms and a listing of heads of state. The book is fully indexed.

The aftershocks of the volatile 20th century will be felt for generations to come. In order to understand the current and future direction of the world, it is imperative to reflect on this century's seminal events and their lasting impact. Designed for students, this unique resource offers detailed descriptions and expert analysis of the 20th century's most important events: World War I, the Russian Revolution, the Rise of Fascism, the Great Depression, World War II, the Cold War, the Chinese Revolution, the end of Colonialism and the Rise of the Third World, European unification, and the collapse of the Soviet union. Each of the events is dealt with in a separate chapter. An introductory essay presenting the facts about each event precedes an interpretive essay by a recognized authority on the event. Exploring beyond the traditional textbook treatment of history, these interpretive essays consider the immediate and far-reaching ramifications of each event. Through this innovative approach, students will be inspired to further analyze these events not only from a historical perspective, but also in the context of the world in which they live today.

In order to make complex history easily understandable, the ]ntroductory essay for each event provides factual background in a clear, concise, chronological manner. Written for a general readership, the interpretive essays assess each event in terms of its political, economic, sociocultural, and international/diplomatic impact. Some essays validate the norm, while others challenge conventional wisdom; all reflect the most recent scholarship concerning each event. Each interpretive essay is followed by an annotated bibliography that identifies the most important and most recent scholarship about the respective events. A photo of each event offers a visual component to the narrative. The volume contains four useful appendices: a glossary of names, events, organizations, treaties, and terms; a timeline of important events in 20th-century world history; the population of selected countries; and a list of states achieving independence since 1945. This work is perfect for the high school, community college, and undergraduate library reference shelf, as well as supplementary reading in social studies and world history courses.

"This book is a solid overview that is more concerned with what happened than why it happended, and a work that can be a starting-point for those who want an introduction to US-Central American relations or a dependable reference for the more knowledgeable. Although primarily concerned with getting the most important facts recorded, Findling knows when to stop and present interpretative insights (as in his page on the New Deal, which he handles critically and well). Comets come and go, but this book should have a good life as an analysis that serves as a useful reference to a relationship that remains, unfortunately for Central Americans and US foreign policy, too little understood." The International History Review

Although there is general agreement that exogenous electric and electromagnetic fields influence and modulate the properties of biological systems. there is no concensus regarding the mechanisms by which such fields operate. It is the purpose of this volume to bring together and examine critically the mechanistic models and concepts that have been proposed. We have chosen to arrange the papers in terms of the level of biological organization emphasized by the contributors. Some papers overlap categories. but the progression from ions and membrane surfaces. through macromolecules and the membrane matrix to integrated systems. establishes a mechanistic chain of causality that links the basic interactions in the relatively well understood simple systems to the complex living systems. where all effects occur simultaneously. The backgrounds of the invited contributors include biochemistry. biophysics. cell biology. electrical engineering. electrochemistry. electrophysiology. medicine and physical chemistry. As a result of this diversity. the mechanistic models reflect the differing approaches used by these disciplines to explain the same phenomena. Areas of agreement define the common ground. while the areas of divergence provide opportunities for refining our ideas through further experimentation. To facilitate the interaction between the different points of view, the authors have clearly indicated those published observations that they are trying to explain. i.e. the experiments that have been critical in their thinking. This should establish a concensus regarding important observations. In the discussion of theories.

Overall this is an outstanding compilation and one likely to be frequently consulted by students of American diplomacy. Booklist It is refreshing to find a work that really is `revised' and `expanded.' Findling has made a good reference work better by adding nearly 100 new entries to the first edition to cover the last years of the Carter presidency and most of the Reagan years. The strength of this work is Findling's treatment of personages, events, and organizations. He stresses not only the who, what, where, and how but also states the significance of the aforementioned entrants. . . . Findling gives the user helpful references for further reading on each entry. A library owning the first edition can confidently add the second. Choice An expanded and thoroughly updated new edition of the 1980 dictionary, this is the only reference available that presents concise, analytical articles on the main actors and events in American diplomatic history from the founding of the Republic to the present. It offers separate entries for nearly 600 individuals who have had a significant impact on U.S. foreign policy and for a like number of topics and developments connected with American diplomacy. In his introduction, John Findling discusses the broad range of source materials he has drawn on and examines the changing role of the career diplomat in the twentieth century. Biographical entries cover secretaries of state, ambassadors, and others who have influenced foreign policy, such as congressmen, correspondents and broadcasters, diplomatic historians, presidential advisers, and entrepreneurs. Topic entries range from major crises and international negotiations to the catchwords and slogans that have shaped and mobilized public opinion throughout the nation's history. Comments on the historical importance of the subject and selected, updated bibliographies are supplied. An authoritative resource that is likely to remain the standard in its field, this new dictionary is an appropriate choice for the reference collections of academic, public, and government libraries.

This unique resource describes and evaluates ten of the most important events in British history between 1689 and the present. A full chapter is devoted to each event. Every chapter includes an introduction presenting factual information in a clear, concise, chronological order, and a longer interpretive essay exploring both the short term and far reaching ramifications of the event.

The ten events covered are: DEGREESL DEGREESDBL The Industrial Revolution DEGREESL DEGREESDBL The Seven Years' War DEGREESL DEGREESDBL The Napoleonic Wars DEGREESL DEGREESDBL Pax Britannica DEGREESL DEGREESDBL The Reform Act of 1832 DEGREESL DEGREESDBL The Crystal Palace Exhibition DEGREESL DEGREESDBL The Movement for Irish Independence and Woman Suffrage DEGREESL DEGREESDBL World War I DEGREESL DEGREESDBL World War II DEGREESL DEGREESDBL The Thatcher Era DEGREESL Coverage for each event also includes an annotated bibliography of works suitable for students and a full-page illustration. A glossary of terms, a timeline of British history since 1689, a chronological list of ruling houses and monarchs, and a chronological list of prime ministers help students to better understand the major develop

This encyclopedia contains individual histories of each of the nearly 100 World's Fairs and expositions held in more than 20 countries since 1851. This is a thorough revision and updating of the book originally published as A Historical Dictionary of World's Fairs and Expositions in 1990. The new entries include essays on the world's fairs to be held in Zaragoza, Spain, in 2008 and in Shanghai, China, in 2010. Many of the original essays have been revised and expanded. Topics covered include goods, tourism, nationalistic competition, architecture, art and culture, and ""exhibition fatigue."" Each fair history has its own annotated bibliography which provides, when possible, the location of relevant primary sources and comments on the quality of secondary sources. Appendices cover the Bureau of International Expositions, fair statistics, fair officials, fairs that did not qualify for inclusion, and fairs that were planned but never held. The book includes a foreword (and appendix) by Vicente Gonzalez Loscertales, the secretary general of the Bureau of International Expositions.

Although there is general agreement that exogenous electric and electromagnetic fields influence and modulate the properties of biological systems. there is no concensus regarding the mechanisms by which such fields operate. It is the purpose of this volume to bring together and examine critically the mechanistic models and concepts that have been proposed. We have chosen to arrange the papers in terms of the level of biological organization emphasized by the contributors. Some papers overlap categories. but the progression from ions and membrane surfaces. through macromolecules and the membrane matrix to integrated systems. establishes a mechanistic chain of causality that links the basic interactions in the relatively well understood simple systems to the complex living systems. where all effects occur simultaneously. The backgrounds of the invited contributors include biochemistry. biophysics. cell biology. electrical engineering. electrochemistry. electrophysiology. medicine and physical chemistry. As a result of this diversity. the mechanistic models reflect the differing approaches used by these disciplines to explain the same phenomena. Areas of agreement define the common ground. while the areas of divergence provide opportunities for refining our ideas through further experimentation. To facilitate the interaction between the different points of view, the authors have clearly indicated those published observations that they are trying to explain. i.e. the experiments that have been critical in their thinking. This should establish a concensus regarding important observations. In the discussion of theories.