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Comparable worth-the idea that women ought to be paid the same
wages as men performing comparable although not the same jobs-has
generated a firestorm of controversy. This analysis of the
comparable worth debate takes up its pros and cons in an
extraordinarily disciplined and fair-minded manner. After outlining
the debate, Paul attempts to resolve this deeply divisive debate in
terms of larger philosophical underpinnings. To do so, she develops
a sophisticated analysis of the American economic marketplace as
well as the general marketplace of ideas. The volume initially sets
forth the case for comparable worth by a wide-ranging review of the
difference between the fairness of the marketplace and the demands
for wealth redistribution. The author squarely addresses the
toughest issues in the comparable worth debate: the persistence of
a wage gap; undervaluation of jobs as a result of gender; and
social conditioning into subordinate and superordinate roles. She
then shifts into an analysis of the essentially economic
counter-arguments against the largely social arguments in favor of
comparable worth. An exhaustive history of the legislative,
judicial, and regulatory history that underlies the comparable
worth debate is given exhaustive treatment. Paul concludes with the
belief that efforts to replace the market for setting labor and
wage priorities would lead to misalignments and misalliances of
such severity that calls for more central planning would be the
predictable result. Paul shows that for the most part efforts at
artificially leveraging wages between men and women would have
unanticipated consequences, such as restricting free choice among
working people and innovation among entrepreneurs. Professor Paul
cites such present advantages as freedom of job entry or the United
States' ability to compete in international markets would be early
victims in an environment dominated by strong regulation, which for
her is at the heart of the comparable worth debate. The author
argues that equity is best insured by women entering all areas of
the work force from which they have been blocked in the past. To
encourage women to enter new and challenging occupations rather
than to seek artificial shifts in compensation should be the goal
of an equity-oriented society. This volume is not an argument
against equity, but against the artificial regulation and control
of free economies to the ultimate detriment of women. It should be
of great interest to professionals interested in political economy,
social policy and planning, and women's studies.
Three hundred Jewish tales in this extraordinary volume span three
continents and four millennia. Culled from traditional sources-the
Bible, Talmud, Midrash, hasidic texts, and oral folklore-and retold
in modern English by Ellen Frankel, these stories represent the
brightest jewels in the vast treasure chest of Jewish lore.
Beautifully clothed in contemporary language, these classic tales
sparkle with the gentle and insightful humor of the Jewish folk
imagination. And like so much of Jewish literature, these stories
abound in allusions to classic Jewish texts. Biblical cadences,
phrases from the prayer book, and ideas from Jewish proverbs and
heroic legends resonate in the air when these tales are read or
told aloud. In The Classic Tales, history sheds its dust to become
as intimate as family memory. While the breadth and depth of this
book make it completely unique, three special features also help
distinguish it: God appears without gender (though certainly not
without personality); women characters, so often nameless in the
original biblical text, wear their midrashic names (e.g., Noah's
wife Naamah, Abraham's mother Amitlai, Lot's wife Edith); and many
tales of Sephardic origin have been included to correct the common
American bias toward Eastern European sources. What's more, this
volume has been uniquely designed to be of use to educators,
rabbis, parents, and students. It features a chronological table of
contents as well as six separate indexes?arranged by Jewish
holidays, Torah and Haftorah readings, character types, symbols,
topics, and proper names and places-to make the tales easily
referenced in a wide variety of ways. Anyone who needs a story to
inspire a child, to illustrate a point, to develop a sermon, or
just to uplift his or her own thirsting soul will find just the
right one in The Classic Tales.
In a country built on the institution of private property,
property-owner rights have been under attack. By arguing that
private property is a fundamental liberty whose protection deserves
the highest priority, Ellen Frankel Paul challenges one of the
dominant trends of the past half century: the erosion of property
rights via zoning and land use restrictions, carried on by
government exercising its "police power" or promoting "the public
interest."
Paul begins by examining the arguments of environmentalists in
support of land-use legislation, and explores a few particularly
troubling examples of the exercise of eminent domain and police
powers. She traces the philosophical arguments for the two powers
as well as their tortuous judicial history, the meaning of property
rights and investigates how previous thinkers have defended these
rights is detailed, and Paul suggests a more adequate defense for
them. In the concluding portion of the book, the very legitimacy of
eminent domain is questioned and the author offers recommendations
for its reform.
This analysis is wide in scope and makes creative use of
historical, legal, economic, and philosophic methodologies. It not
only gives an account of the present power regulations on land, but
also provides an exhaustive history of the development of the law
in these two areas and of the philosophical ideas of the thinkers
who helped shape this process. This book is distinctive because it
places a theory of the just acquisition of property at the heart of
the answer to the question of the extent to which governments can
rightfully exercise the powers of eminent domain and police.
"Amazingly, in a country built on the institution of private
property, the right to property in land has been under increasing
assault, and has seldom been defended. Paul's book--by arguing that
private property is a fundamental liberty whose protection deserves
the highest priority--is a major step toward filling the
void."--Robert Hessen, Stanford University
"Ellen Frankel Paul" is Deputy Director of the Social
Philosophy and Policy Center, and is professor of political science
and philosophy at Bowling Green State University. She is also an
adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute.
Jewish symbols reflect the interaction of word and image within
Jewish culture. Jews have always studied, interpreted, and revered
sacred texts; they have also adorned the settings and occasions of
sacred acts. Calligraphy and ornamentation have transformed Hebrew
letters into art; quotation, interpretation, legend, and wordplay
have made ceremonial objects into narrative. This book represents
just such a collaboration between art and language. Ellen Frankel
and Betsy Platkin Teutsch, writer and artist, have brought their
extensive knowledge and talents together to create The Encyclopedia
of Jewish Symbols, the first reference guide of its kind, designed
for use by educators, artists, rabbis, folklorists, feminists,
Jewish and non-Jewish scholars, and lay readers.
Jewish symbols reflect the interaction of word and image within
Jewish culture. Jews have always studied, interpreted, and revered
sacred texts; they have also adorned the settings and occasions of
sacred acts. Calligraphy and ornamentation have transformed Hebrew
letters into art; quotation, interpretation, legend, and wordplay
have made ceremonial objects into narrative. This book represents
just such a collaboration between art and language. Ellen Frankel
and Betsy Platkin Teutsch, writer and artist, have brought their
extensive knowledge and talents together to create The Encyclopedia
of Jewish Symbols, the first reference guide of its kind, designed
for use by educators, artists, rabbis, folklorists, feminists,
Jewish and non-Jewish scholars, and lay readers.
Whether it is a result of nature, the consequence of a choice to
escape the state of nature, or the outcome of some other process of
deliberation, the fact of human association gives rise to recurrent
themes in political and social philosophy. The character and
requirements of justice, the profile of political legitimacy, and
the relationship between the powers of government and the rights of
the governed are some of the subjects of ongoing consideration and
debate in the disciplines of philosophy, political theory,
economics, and law. This volume represents a contribution to the
investigation of these issues of perennial interest and import,
featuring essays whose authors hope to extend, deepen, and, in some
cases, move in new directions, the current state of discussion.
The essays in this collection investigate two political traditions
and their critical interactions. The first series of essays deals
with the development of natural rights individualism, some
examining its origins in the thought of the seminal political
theorist, John Locke, and the influential constitutional theorist,
Montesquieu, others the impact of their theories on intellectual
leaders during the American Revolution and the Founding era, and
still others the culmination of this tradition in the writings of
nineteenth-century individualists such as Lysander Spooner. The
second series of essays focuses on the Progressive repudiation of
natural rights individualism and its far-reaching effect on
American politics and public policy.
Modern industrial societies have achieved a level of economic
prosperity undreamed of in earlier times, but in the view of the
contemporary environmental movement, the prosperity has come at the
cost of serious degradations to the natural world. For
environmental advocates, problems such as resource depletion, air
and water pollution, global warming, and the loss of biodiversity
represent due threats to the well-being of human societies and the
planet itself. But just how serious are these threats, and how
should we go about confronting them? Do environmental problems call
for more extensive government controls over industrial activity,
energy policy, and the like, or is it possible to find solutions by
harnessing the incentives of the free market? The essays in this
collection address these questions and explore related issues.
From disagreement over an Islamic Center in New York to clashes
between Christians and Muslims in Egypt, tension between the three
Abrahamic faiths often runs high. Yet for all their differences,
these three traditions Judaism, Islam, and Christianity share much
in common. Three Testaments brings together for the first time the
text of the Torah, the New Testament, and the Quran, so that
readers can explore for themselves the connections, as well as the
points of departure, between the three faiths. Notable religion
scholars provide accessible introductions to each tradition, and
commentary from editor Brian Arthur Brown explores how the three
faiths may draw similarities from the ancient Zoroastrian
tradition. This powerful book provides a much-needed interfaith
perspective on key sacred texts.
Do we desire things because they are good, or are they good because
we desire them? Objectivists answer that we desire things because
they are good; subjectivists answer that things are good because we
desire them. Further, does it make sense to account for moral
disagreement by claiming, as the moral relativist does, that
something might be good for one person but not for another? Some
essays in this book consider whether objective moral truths can be
grounded in an understanding of the nature of human beings as
rational and social animals. Some discuss the ethical theories of
historical figures-Aristotle, Aquinas, or Kant-or offer critical
assessments of the work of recent and contemporary theorists-such
as Moore, Putnam, Ayn Rand, Philippa Foot, and Rosalind Hursthouse.
Other essays ask whether moral principles and values can be
constructed through a process of practical reasoning or
deliberation. Still others consider what the phenomenology of our
moral experiences can reveal about moral objectivity.
What constitutes a just tax system, and what are its moral
foundations? Should a society's tax regime be designed to achieve a
just distribution of wealth among its citizens, or should such a
regime be designed to promote economic growth, rising standards of
living, and increasing levels of employment? Are these two goals
compatible or incompatible? Why should justice not require, or at
least lead to, an increase in general prosperity? The essays in
this volume examine the history of tax policies and the normative
principles that have informed the selection of various types of
taxes and tax regimes; economic data to discover which tax policies
lead to economic growth; particular theories of justice or property
rights regarding the design of tax systems; and other essays
propose specific tax reforms. Still others challenge traditional
theories of taxation, offering new ways of understanding the fiscal
relationship between governments and their citizens.
What is a person? What makes me the same person today that I was
yesterday or will be tomorrow? Philosophers have long pondered
these questions. In Plato's Symposium, Socrates observed that all
of us are constantly undergoing change: we experience physical
changes to our bodies, as well as changes in our 'manners, customs,
opinions, desires, pleasures, pains, [and] fears'. Aristotle
theorized that there must be some underlying 'substratum' that
remains the same even as we undergo these changes. John Locke
rejected Aristotle's view and reformulated the problem of personal
identity in his own way: is a person a physical organism that
persists through time, or is a person identified by the persistence
of psychological states, by memory? These essays - written by
prominent philosophers and legal and economic theorists - offer
valuable insights into the nature of personal identity and its
implications for morality and public policy.
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