In the U.S. criminal justice system in 2014, an estimated 2.2 million people were in incarcerated or under correctional supervision on any given day, and another 4.7 million were under community supervision, such as probation or parole. Among all U.S. adults, 1 in 31 is involved with the criminal justice system, many of them having had recurring encounters. The ability to measure the effects of criminal justice involvement and incarceration on health and health disparities has been a challenge, due largely to limited and inconsistent measures on criminal justice involvement and any data on incarceration in health data collections. The presence of a myriad of confounding factors, such as socioeconomic status and childhood disadvantage, also makes it hard to isolate and identify a causal relationship between criminal justice involvement and health. The Bureau of Justice Statistics collects periodic health data on the people who are incarcerated at any given time, but few national-level surveys have captured criminal justice system involvement for people previously involved in the system or those under community supervision?nor have they collected systematic data on the effects that go beyond the incarcerated individuals themselves. In March 2016 the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop meant to assist the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) and Office of the Minority Health (OMH) in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in identifying measures of criminal justice involvement that will further their understanding of the socioeconomic determinants of health. Participants investigated the feasibility of collecting criminal justice experience data with national household-based health surveys. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Defining Criminal Justice Involvement 3 Effects of Criminal Justice Involvement on Individuals, Families, and Communities 4 Criminal Justice Involvement and Health 5 Asking Criminal Justice Involvement Questions 6 Measuring Criminal Justice Contact and Incarceration Experience in Health Surveys 7 Alternative Approaches to Criminal Justice Measurement 8 Key Themes and Possible Next Steps References Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Steering Committee Members and Speakers Committee on National Statistics

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES) of the National Science Foundation is responsible for national reporting of the research and development (R&D) activities that occur in all sectors of the United States economy. For most sectors, including the business and higher education sectors, NCSES collects data on these activities on a regular basis. However, data on R&D within the nonprofit sector have not been collected in 18 years, a time period which has seen dynamic and rapid growth of the sector. NCSES decided to design and implement a new survey of nonprofits, and commissioned this workshop to provide a forum to discuss conceptual and design issues and methods. Measuring Research and Development Expenditures in the U.S. Nonprofit Sector: Conceptual and Design Issues summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. This report identifies concepts and issues for the design of a survey of R&D expenditures made by nonprofit organizations, considering the goals, content, statistical methodology, data quality, and data products associated with this data collection. The report also considers the broader usefulness of the data for understanding the nature of the nonprofit sector and their R&D activities. Measuring Research and Development Expenditures in the U. S. Nonprofit Sector will help readers understand the role of nonprofit sector given its enormous size and scope as well as its contribution to identifying new forms of R&D beyond production processes and new technology. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 A Profile of the Nonprofit Sector in the United States 3 Understanding R&D within the Nonprofit Sector 4 Approaches to Survey and Sample Design 5 Question Design and Survey Implementation 6 Summary of Key Themes from the Workshop References Acronyms and Abbreviations Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Workshop Participants Appendix C: IRS Form 990 Appendix D: Biographical Sketches of Steering Committee Members, Presenters, and Staff Committee on National Statistics

Higher education is a linchpin of the American economy and society: teaching and research at colleges and universities contribute significantly to the nation's economic activity, both directly and through their impact on future growth; federal and state governments support teaching and research with billions of taxpayers' dollars; and individuals, communities, and the nation gain from the learning and innovation that occur in higher education. In the current environment of increasing tuition and shrinking public funds, a sense of urgency has emerged to better track the performance of colleges and universities in the hope that their costs can be contained without compromising quality or accessibility. Improving Measurement of Productivity in Higher Education presents an analytically well-defined concept of productivity in higher education and recommends empirically valid and operationally practical guidelines for measuring it. In addition to its obvious policy and research value, improved measures of productivity may generate insights that potentially lead to enhanced departmental, institutional, or system educational processes. Improving Measurement of Productivity in Higher Education constructs valid productivity measures to supplement the body of information used to guide resource allocation decisions at the system, state, and national levels and to assist policymakers who must assess investments in higher education against other compelling demands on scarce resources. By portraying the productive process in detail, this report will allow stakeholders to better understand the complexities of-and potential approaches to-measuring institution, system and national-level performance in higher education. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 The Importance of Measuring Productivity in Higher Education 2 Defining Productivity for Higher Education 3 Why Measurement of Higher Education Productivity Is Difficult 4 Advancing the Conceptual Framework 5 Recommendations for Creating and Extending the Measurement Framework 6 Implementation and Data Recommendations References and Bibliography Appendix A: Commonly Used Performance Metrics for Higher Education Appendix B: Methods for Measuring Comparative Quality and Cost Developed by the National Center for Academic Transformation Appendix C: Overview of Data Sources Appendix D: Estimating Project-Related Departmental Research Appendix E: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members Committee on National Statistics Board on Testing and Assessment

National Patterns of R&D Resources is an annual report issued by the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES) of the National Science Foundation, which provides a national view of current 'patterns' in funding of R&D activities in government, industry, academia, federally funded research and development centers, and non-profits. Total R&D funds are broken out at the national level by type of provider, type of recipient, and whether the R&D is basic, applied, or developmental. These patterns are compared both longitudinally versus historical R&D amounts, and internationally. This report series, which is based on input from several censuses and surveys, is used to formulate policies that, e.g., might increase incentives to support different types, sources, or recipients of R&D than is currently the case. To communicate these R&D patterns, each report is composed of a set of tabulations of national R&D disaggregated by type of donor, type of recipient, and type of R&D. While this satisfies many key user groups, the question was whether some modifications of the report could attract a wider user community and at the same time provide more useful information for current users. National Patterns of R&D Resources: Future Directions for Content and Methods addresses the following questions: (1) what additional topics and tabulations could be presented without modifying the current portfolio of R&D censuses and surveys, (2) what additional topics and tabulations might be presented by expanding these current data collections, (3) what could be done to enhance international comparability of the tabulations, (4) since much of the information on non-profit R&D providers and recipients is estimated from 15 year-old data, what impact might this be having on the quality of the associated National Patterns tabulations, (5) what statistical models could be used to support the issuance R&D estimates at state-level and geographic regions below the national level, (6) what use could be made from the recent development of administrative sources of R&D information, and finally, (7) what graphical tools could be added to the current tabulations to enhance the communication of R&D patterns to the users of this series of publications. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 What Is *National Patterns*? 3 Users' Needs 4 Statistical Models and Administrative Records as Supplements to Surveys 5 Small-Area Estimation 6 Presentation of Information in *National Patterns* References Appendix A: Acronyms and Abbreviations Appendix B: Workshop Agenda and Participants Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Steering Committee Members and Workshop Presenters Committee on National Statistics