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Within CIME environments, one continually comes across a multitude
of different working practices, network devices, information
systems and manufacturing technologies. This heterogeneous
environment extends to individual enterprises and can have profound
effects on the efficiency and effectiveness of an organisation, and
often results in symptoms such as: long product lead times, poor
visibility of the product and process status, high product
inventory and work-in progress, low data integrity, etc., as well
as incurring excessive infrastructure costs. Having to select an
appropriate information system to help achieve the business
objectives of anyone manufacturing enterprise can be an awesome
task. During the 1980s, vendor-independent communications such as
MAP (Manu facturing Automation Protocol) and CNMA (Communications
Network for Manufacturing Applications) brought standard, open
communications to computer controlled industrial devices, but this
alone was not enough to satisfy the more demanding requirements of
creating and maintaining manufacturing applications. In order to
create manufacturing solutions that effectively utilise Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) it is necessary to look beyond the
standard communications protocols to how and why applications are
developed."
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