What impact do political parties have on women's political representation and on state gender policies? Does this vary at national and local levels? This study looks at the National Women's Ministry in Chile, a country of ideological conflict, strong parties and centralized government and the leftwing Brazilian Workers' Party, characterised by clientelism, weak parties and decentralization.

What impact do political parties have on women's political representation and on state gender policies? Does this vary between national and local levels of government? This study focuses on two Latin American cases. The first analyzes the National Women's Ministry in Chile, a country with a history of ideological conflict, strong parties and centralized government. The second examines the local administrations of the leftwing Brazilian Workers' Party, in a political environment shaped by clientelism, weak parties and decentralization.

Many of the ideas introduced by F.S. Macaulay in this classic book have developed into central concepts in what has become the branch of mathematics known as Commutative Algebra. Today his name is remembered through the term "Cohen-Macaulay ring," however, it is less well known that he pioneered several other fundamental ideas, including the concept of the Gorenstein ring and the use of injective modules, ideas that were not systematically developed until considerably later in this century. In this reissue, an introduction by Professor Paul Roberts describes the influence of Macaulay's ideas on recent developments in the subject as well as other changes in the field since then. The background to Macaulay's thinking is discussed, and the development of modern theory is outlined.