The present book contains papers that have been selected from contributions to the First International Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows which was held from the 18th to 20th April 1977 at The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. Attend ees from close to 20 countries presented over 100 contributions at this meeting in which many aspects of the current activities in turbulence research were covered. Five topics received particular attention at the Symposium: Free Flows Wall Flows Recirculating Flows Developments in Reynolds Stress Closures New Directions in Modeling This is also reflected in the five chapters of this book with contributions from research workers from different countries. Each chapter covers the most valuable contributions of the conference to the particular chapter topic. Of course, there were many additional good con tributions to each subject at the meeting but the limitation imposed on the length of this volume required that a selection be made. The realization of the First International Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows was p- sible by the general support of: U. S. Army Research Office U. S. Navy Research Office Continuing Education Center of The Pennsylvania State University The conference organization was carried out by the organizing committee consisting of: F. Durst, Universitat Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Fed. Rep. of Germany V. W. Goldschmidt, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. , USA B. E. Launder, University of California, Davis, Calif. , USA F. W. Schmidt, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Penna.

In spite of intensive efforts over many decades, the problem of turbulence remains as challenging as ever and the number of papers, books and conferences on this topic con tinues to grow. As experimental techniques and computing power have developed, the breadth of investigations into the structure and development of turbulent flows has in creased to encompass many diverse fields of application in engineering, physics, biolo gy and so on. As a consequence, it is now very difficult for a single research worker to keep in touch with the many developments that are taking place in turbulence. One of the few opportunities for obtaining some overall view of the subject arises from large international symposia on turbulence and, although they have some drawbacks, it is this opportunity that is one of their main merits. The International Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows has now been held on three occasions and they seem to be established as a major opportunity for papers on a very diverse range of topics to be presented at a single meeting. This volume is a collec tion of papers from the third symposium that was held at the University of California, Davis from 9-11 September 1981. The papers are divided into four sections entitled Wall Flows, Scalar Transport, Recirculating Flows and Fundamentals. This collection represents about a third of the total number of papers presented.

The regenerative capacity of the liver cell is almost unlimited. Therefore after acute liver damage, be it viral, toxic, hypoxic, or surgical in origin, restitutio ad integrum is the usual outcome. In two forms of liver disease, however, this is not the case: in fulmi nant hepatic failure, liver regeneration often is not fast enough to keep the organism alive; in end-stage cirrhosis, regeneration is dis turbed by a hypertrophic architecture of fibrotic tissue. For these extreme forms of liver disease and for critical situations before and after liver surgery, artificial liver support is needed. This book contains the latest results in this area of research pre sented by scientists from allover the world at an international symposium held in Celle, Germany, June 2-4, 1980. Exciting new methods like continuous membrane plasma sepa ration and liver cell transplantation into the spleen have been de veloped. The older methods of hemoperfusion and dialysis have been improved. Enzymological methods and liver transplantation have made good progress. We hope that this volume will help the clinician in his decision-making and stimulate ingenious new re search for the benefit of our liver patients."

The Fourth International Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows took place at Karlsruhe University in Germany. The papers presented at this Symposium encompassed a similar range to that of the previous meetings, with greater emphasis placed on experimental work, and continued a trend towards the examination of complex flows. Once again, three dimensional, recirculating and reacting flows featured strongly in the programme and were complemented by consideration of two-phase flows and discussions of both numerical and experimental techniques. The Symposium brought together some 300 participants from all over the world, and it was evident that there is a need for Turbulent Shear Flows Symposia, in order to obtain and communicate new information useful to researchers in the field of turbulent flows and of interest to engineers who design flow equipment. This volume contains 27 papers selected from more than 100 presentations at the Symposium which have been reviewed and edited before publication. Together they provide an indication of the status of current knowledge on the subjects represented at the Sympo sium. They are grouped into four sections, namely: * Fundamentals * Free Flows * Boundary Layers * Reacting Flows As in previous volumes in this series, each section begins with an introductory article con sidering the papers which follow in the broader context of available literature and current research.

Uses an integrated approach to show the interrelationships between thermodynamics, heat transfer and fluid dynamics, stressing the physics of each. Mathematical description is included to allow the solution of simple problems in thermal sciences. New to this edition----SI and English units plus twice as many example problems which emphasize practical applications of the principles discussed.