In this study mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences were isolated by PCR, sequenced and used to infer a molecular phylogeny.Termites were sampled from different localities of Pakistan and analysed morphologically.DNA was extracted from individual whole alcohol preserved worker termites. That were freeze dried, using DNeasy tissue kit. The DNA extraction protocols were defined.Then DNA Sequencing was done, DNA sequence alignments also done using Clustral method with weighted residue weight table in DNA star software.This study would provide baseline data on genotypic variability for different termite populations from different localities.Microsatellite genotyping utilizating high resolution non denaturing poly acrylamide gel electrophorsis was a qualitative method of evaluating allelic and genotyping diversity to determine colony distinction in termites also. So following the criteria described above, we would provide a DNA based identification system of termites in Pakistan.

Synthetic insecticides have been the major control method of insect pests since 1950s. The widespread and unwise use of insecticides has resulted in the development of insect strains that are resistant to insecticides. The level of insecticide resistance was evaluated in two economically important stored grain pests, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) in the present study. Resistance level was checked against one organophosphate and four pyrethroid insecticides by using filter paper method and residual film method. Mortality was recorded after 48 hours of treatment. Resistant insects were identified on the basis of their LC50 values. T. castaneum (H.) appeared to be more resistant as compared to R. dominica (F.). Results indicated that deltamethrin 2.5% SC was more toxic of all test insecticides while DDVP 50% EC was least toxic.

Insecticides play an important role in the control of mosquitoes. Unfortunately resistance has been developed by many mosquito species. In the present study, biotoxicity of four insecticides from four major groups: neo-nicotenoids (imidacloprid 5% SC) phenyl-pyrazoles (fipronil 2.5% EC), pyrethroids (deltamethrin 2.5% SC) and organophosphates (DDVP 50% EC) were tested against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. Samples were collected from different localities to determine the susceptibility of both species against tested insecticides. Larval toxicity results were different for (KotLakhpat) KLP and (Lahore College for Women University Lahore) LCW for each insecticide. KLP sample was considered as reference samples because it was exposed to insecticides at a very low extent as compared to LCW samples. Regression analysis of variance showed significant positive trend in mortality of both species. Fipronil and imidacloprid were proved to be most toxic against Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti in KLP samples. Deltamethrin showed least efficacy against both localities representing its high tolerance and resistance against pyrethroids.

Present study deals with comparison of three essential oils (neem, vetiver and mint) against the most common termite species of Pakistan, Heterotermes indicola (Wasmann). Oils were tested for repellency, toxicity and fumigation against H. indicola. Results revealed that vetiver oil was most toxic killing 60% termites at 25 g/ l while neem and mint oils showed 54% and 56.66% mortality rate, respectively, at the same concentration. When tested for repellency, vetiver oil proved to be the most effective repellent because of its long lasting activity. In a fumigation test, all three oils were tested at concentration of 0.03125%, 0.0625%, 0.125%, 0.25% and 0.5%. Out of the three tested oils, vetiver oil was the most effective. The components of neem, vetiver and mint oil were identified by TLC technique. At the end of the study, it was concluded that vetiver oil is a promising novel termiticide against H. indicola.

Dan is living in a mouse community. After being raided by the humans the mice establish their own town near a stream. Something happens to the woman Dan loves and wants to marry. With a wounded heart, he decides to leave the town. After the most adventurous journey of his life, he ends up in an amazing world. Dan tells his story to a young mouse who is eager to go the world of amusement. The story is full of lessons, values, and morals. Dan closely observes the behavior, the miseries, and the troubles of the powerful and intelligent creation of God. He recalls a speaker in his community had said, "The world is changing. Man, who once had dignity, is now losing honor because of his corrupted behavior. If he does not make reforms, he himself will be the cause of his own elimination from the surface of the earth. Man is planning to go to Mars in order to find the existence of life, meanwhile he has made his own plant miserable for all that exist on it." A tiny creature - and insignificant being brings back wisdom and knowledge that heals the wounds, refreshes the souls, and quenches the thirst.