Nanoscale Electronic Devices and Their Applications helps readers acquire a thorough understanding of the fundamentals of solids at the nanoscale level in addition to their applications including operation and properties of recent nanoscale devices. This book includes seven chapters that give an overview of electrons in solids, carbon nanotube devices and their applications, doping techniques, construction and operational details of channel-engineered MOSFETs, and spintronic devices and their applications. Structural and operational features of phase-change memory (PCM), memristor, and resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) are also discussed. In addition, some applications of these phase-change devices to logic designs have been presented. Aimed at senior undergraduate students in electrical engineering, micro-electronics engineering, physics, and device physics, this book: Covers a wide area of nanoscale devices while explaining the fundamental physics in these devices Reviews information on CNT two- and three-probe devices, spintronic devices, CNT interconnects, CNT memories, and NDR in CNT FETs Discusses spin-controlled devices and their applications, multi-material devices, and gates in addition to phase-change devices Includes rigorous mathematical derivations of the semiconductor physics Illustrates major concepts thorough discussions and various diagrams

This book examines the capital structure dynamics in Indian MSMEs, offering empirical evidence to better understand the financial practices within entrepreneurial settings. Altaf and Shah in this book assess the financing pattern of Indian MSMEs, response of capital structure determinants to different macroeconomic states, links between working capital and capital structure, cash flow volatility and capital structure and also the impact of credit risk on capital structure and firm performance relationship. This book enthuses the audience looking to understand newer dynamics of capital structure and its interplay in the Indian MSMEs.

Fractional-Order Design: Devices, Circuits, and Systems introduces applications from the design perspective so that the reader can learn about, and get ready to, design these applications. The book also includes the different techniques employed to comprehensively and straightforwardly design fractional-order systems/devices. Furthermore, a lot of mathematics is available in the literature for solving the fractional-order calculus for system application. However, a small portion is employed in the design of fractional-order systems. This book introduces the mathematics that has been employed explicitly for fractional-order systems. Students and scholars who wants to quickly understand the field of fractional-order systems and contribute to its different domains and applications will find this book a welcomed resource.

This book introduces readers to both basic and advanced concepts in deep network models. It covers state-of-the-art deep architectures that many researchers are currently using to overcome the limitations of the traditional artificial neural networks. Various deep architecture models and their components are discussed in detail, and subsequently illustrated by algorithms and selected applications. In addition, the book explains in detail the transfer learning approach for faster training of deep models; the approach is also demonstrated on large volumes of fingerprint and face image datasets. In closing, it discusses the unique set of problems and challenges associated with these models.

Fractional-order Modelling of Dynamic Systems with Applications in Optimization, Signal Processing and Control introduces applications from a design perspective, helping readers plan and design their own applications. The book includes the different techniques employed to design fractional-order systems/devices comprehensively and straightforwardly. Furthermore, mathematics is available in the literature on how to solve fractional-order calculus for system applications. This book introduces the mathematics that has been employed explicitly for fractional-order systems. It will prove an excellent material for students and scholars who want to quickly understand the field of fractional-order systems and contribute to its different domains and applications. Fractional-order systems are believed to play an essential role in our day-to-day activities. Therefore, several researchers around the globe endeavor to work in the different domains of fractional-order systems. The efforts include developing the mathematics to solve fractional-order calculus/systems and to achieve the feasible designs for various applications of fractional-order systems.

Development of hybrid genotypes more need to increase the edible oil production and it qulity traits because of increasing the human population. Eight genotypes (Golarchi, Star, Range, DGL, Ayub2000, Hybripol, Lagena and BA0714.) were crossed in Line x Tester mating design (5x3). and their F1s were sown in field in RCBD with three replications. Data of 15 F1s and their parents were recorded for various seed yield and yield contributing traits. The data were statistically analyzed for analysis of variance and LxT analysis. The ANOVA for combining ability were revealed that the mean sum of squares due to lines were significant for all traits except days to 90% flowering and for testers the mean sum of square were significant for all traits except days to 90% flowering and 1000 seed weight. Highly significant results were found in LxT interaction for all traits. The estimates of SCA variance was noticed higher than GCA variance in all traits. The contributions of lines as compared to testers were greater in case of all the traits of Brassica napus."

Development of hybrid genotypes/ high yielded varieties more demand to fill the gap between food production and human population.Heterosis and Combining Ability Studies in Brassica napus leads to develop the hybrid genotypes/ Varieties which will be produce more seed yield, plant biomass(fodder or Saag), oil contents, protein contents and canola type traits for good health.In an experiment Sixteen genotypes were crossed among eleven lines and five testers in Line x Tester mating design (11x5),55 F1 were made and Data of hybrids and their parents were recorded for various seed yield and yield contributing traits. The results revealed that highly significant values were found in line x tester interaction for all the traits except the character days taken to 50% maturity. The estimates of SCA variance was noticed higher than GCA variance in all the recorded traits.The significant potence ratio were explained that the transformation of desirable gene in all the recorded traits of genotypes in dominance type of gene action for the development of hybrids or varieties in Brassica napus."

The antioxidant potential of Skimmia anquetilia and Dicliptera bupleuroides methanolic extracts and fractions was evaluated using the eight multidimensional methods. The accrue data presenting that; TEAC and FRAP Value vary from 6.09-1.65mM, 7.04-2.03 for S. anquetilia and 3.5-0.4, 3.8-1.8 respectively for D. bupleuroides. Phenolic content of S. anquetilia ranged from 3.04-0.4 gallic acid (mg/L) and 1.5-0.44 gallic acid (mg/L) for D. bupleuroides. S. anquetilia and D. bupleuroides Aqueous and organic soluble fraction were rich of flavinoids which was range from 1712.7-249.1 mg catchecin eq. and 885.4-107.2 mg catchecin eq respectively. Total antioxidant activity by phosphomolybdenum method was determined for various fraction of S. anquetilia and D. bupleuroides ranged from 0.555-0.09 and 0.42-0.17 respectively. The percentage of superoxide anion radical scavenging ranged from 99.5 to 4.96 for S. anquetilia and 78.4 to 68 for D. bupleuroides. The percentage bound Iron in S. anquetilia fraction was varying from 73.5 to 61.9 and 94.8-69.2 for D. bupleuroides. The amass results of indicated that S. anquetilia and D. bupleuroides is a rich source of natural antioxidants.

Sugarcane is one of the major sugar crops of the world. In Pakistan, it occupies a significant position in the agricultural economy. The present investigations were carried out to examine the genetic variability and contribution of some morphological characters for cane yield and response of genotypes of sugar cane toward callus formation, regeneration and screening for virus. The results pertaining to analysis of variance elucidated highly significant differences among the accessions for all the traits. The tissue culture study revealed that at different treatment over all performance of HSF-247 was better for callus induction and genotype HSF-242 performed best at 3mg/l of 2, 4-D level. All the investigation in the correlation study proved quite successful because a handful increase in cane weight and plant height is possible as they provide information regarding a suitable combination of characters with their maximum influence on the enhancement of cane weight and plant height. The clone will be selected with such combinations of characters which to give maximum improvement in their cane yield.

Sugarcane is a major cash crop of the world and occupies significant position in agricultural economy of Pakistan Study on correlation and path coefficient analysis on ratoon crop for cane yield and yield related traits in 20 accessions of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) was conducted in the field of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, during the 2008-09.Analysis of variance indicated highly significant differences among the accessions for all the traits. Among the traits plant height, leaf area, dry matter contents, bagasse weight and cane yield had the positive and significant correlation with brix value at genotypic level. Molecular markers are useful for assessment of variation and phylogenetic relationships. Out of 30 fragments amplified with 15 primers used among the 10 sugarcane somaclones and a parent plant, only 3 bands were polymorphic while rest of the 27 bands were monomorphic. Therefore, it may be concluded from the present results that SSR markers can be used for the identification of somaclonal variation and the relationship between parents and somaclones.

I'm trying to build bridges between mathematics and practical subjects like information technology and engineering. A Petri nets (PNs) are a graphical and mathematical tool that are used for describing and studying information processing systems that are characterized as being concurrent, asynchronous, distributed, parallel, non-deterministic and/or stochastic. As a graphical tool, Petri nets can be used as a visual-communication aid similar to flow charts, block diagrams and networks. Tokens are used in these nets to simulate the dynamic and concurrent states of systems. As a mathematical tool, it is possible to set up state equations, algebraic equations and other mathematical models governing the behavior of systems. Since Petri nets are a formal methods' designing and modeling technique, so they are used to model complex systems as mathematical entities. By building a mathematically rigorous model of a complex system, it is possible to verify the system's properties in a more thorough fashion than empirical testing.

Future antenna architectures especially for space applications are becoming more and more complex due to the need of Electronic Reconfigurability. This reconfigurability is needed in terms of Radiation Pattern, Bandwidth, Reliability, and Power Consumption. In this context, Electronically Tunable Reflectarrays and Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSSs) are particularly the hottest domains of RF design. The accurate analysis of electromagnetic(EM) scattering from such reconfigurable antenna structures is of great practical interest these days. However due to their large electrical size and complex cellular patterns specially when tuning elements such as RF-MEMS switches are also integrated within the array elements, conventional full-wave EM Modeling of such multiscale structures either fail or require enormous amount of computational resources to resolve prohibitively large number of unknowns. A novel and efficient modular numerical technique called Scale Changing Technique (SCT) addresses all these problems. The focus of this book is on EM modeling of passive and active (electronically steerable by RF-MEMS Switches )microstrip reflectarray using this Technique.

Study on correlation and path coefficient analysis for cane yield and yield related traits in ten accession of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) was conducted Analysis of variance indicated highly significant differences among the accessions for all the traits. The study of path analysis for yield related traits depicted that plant height, cane thickness, leaf area, internodal distance and brix value had the direct negative effects on yield. Study carried out to investigate the response of different sugarcane varieties to Callogenesis in order to analyze variation for sugarcane mosaic virus resistance. Total 26 parent plants and 64 somaclones of HSF-240 were selected for screening of virus through Das ELISA test. Four parent plants out of 26 showed negative and Ten somaclones showed positive reaction to the disease and were declared as susceptible.Somaclones produced were also analyzed by microsattelite molecular markers in order to analyze the vriation between parents and somaclones produced at molecular level.It may be concluded from the results that SSRs can be used for identification of somaclonal variation and the relationship between parents and somaclones.

A 5 x 5 diallel cross experiment was conducted involving the verities i.e. AC-134, MS-39, 124-F, CIM-473, and LA-85-52-2 to evaluate the type of gene action involved in the inheritance of various morphological and yield contributing traits in upland cotton. The analysis of variance revealed that differences between genotypes for all the traits were highly significant. The results of joint regression analysis revealed that the data for all the traits were fit for simpole additive dominance model.The genotype AC-134 carried maximum dominant genes for plant height, number of sympodial branches and ginning out turn. The genotype 124-F possessed maximum number of dominant genes for number of monopodial branches.The genotype CIM- 473 was found to be the best general combiner for number of bolls per plant, boll weight while the genotype MS-39 seemed to be the best general combiner for plant height. From the above results it was suggested that the plant traits could be improved by simple selection procedure because they are controlled by additive type of gene action as far their phenotypic expression is concerned.

This book describes the Insecticidal activity of essential oils extracted from different citrus varieties, sweet orange, kinnow, bitter orange and grape fruit, at three different concentrations (3%, 6%,12%) was evaluated in the Grain Research Training and Storage Management Laboratory at Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan.The Objective of the study was to evalute the insecticidal activity of citrus oils against percent mortality and population buildup of Lesser Grain Borer.The conclusions were withdrawn from the obtained results, maximum mortality was recorded at high concentration.Maximum population build up was recorded in controlled treatment(36.67%), while in treated sample(5.883%). The percent mortality increases with the increased in concentration and the concentration of oils have significant effect on the mortality of Lesser Grain Borer. Population buildup value was found maximum in control treatment than treated but increased in concentration population buildup value was decreased. The results also show that Multan strain are highly susceptible than Vehari strain of Lesser Grain Borer.

Grasses belong to one of the most fascinating families of flowering plants and have a wide range of diversity and play significant role in the lives of human beings and animals. The value of grasses to mankind has been recognized since the dawn of human civilization, and culture of cereal grasses dates back to period when man was emerging from wild beast stage. Grasses inhabit the earth in greater abundance than any other comparable group of plants, some are present in warm, humid and tropical climates, while others have adopted the polar regions, where the growing season is two months or less and direct sunlight is absent for many months of the year. Grasses are used as food for human and forage for domesticated animals. A high proportion of the world's most fertile and productive soil is developed under the vegetation cover of grasses. Roots, stolen, rhizomes and littler form the annual replacement of leafy culms, not only are soil builders but also are effective soil stabilizers. Wild life is also dependent upon grass and grassland habitats for food, shelter and normal completion of their life cycle.

Fractional Order Systems: An Overview of Mathematics, Design, and Applications for Engineers introduces applications from a design perspective, helping readers plan and design their own applications. The book includes the different techniques employed to design fractional-order systems/devices comprehensively and straightforwardly. Furthermore, mathematics is available in the literature on how to solve fractional-order calculus for system applications. This book introduces the mathematics that has been employed explicitly for fractional-order systems. It will prove an excellent material for students and scholars who want to quickly understand the field of fractional-order systems and contribute to its different domains and applications. Fractional-order systems are believed to play an essential role in our day-to-day activities. Therefore, several researchers around the globe endeavor to work in the different domains of fractional-order systems. The efforts include developing the mathematics to solve fractional-order calculus/systems and to achieve the feasible designs for various applications of fractional-order systems.